Composition and Usage Rate of Feed Ingredients for Swine Diets
Proper diet formulation involves having accurate knowledge of the nutrient requirements of the pig and information about the energy and nutrient composition of available feed ingredients. In addition, it is important to realize that some feed ingredients possess inherent factors that will decrease pig growth and reproductive performance and/or impact carcass composition and quality if fed in excess.
Objectives
- To present the energy and nutrient composition of feed ingredients
- To provide upper limits of usage for feed ingredients
Explanations
Individual ingredients can vary widely in composition because of the variation in species or variety, storage conditions, climate, soil moisture, agronomic differences and manufacturing practices. Variations in chemical analytical procedures can also affect the values obtained.Therefore, the values listed in this publication should be used as a guide in formulating diets. Otherwise, rely on ingredient analyses as necessary prior to diet formulation.
Most of the tabular information contained herein was obtained from the NRC (1998). Information published since the NRC (1998) was also included. An attempt was made to include analytical results of feed ingredients obtained from contemporary crop cultivars, newer processing techniques, and improved analytical procedures.
Net energy
The net energy (NE) value for approximately 40% of the ingredients inTable 1 was obtained from EvaPig (2008); for other ingredients, net energy was calculated from one of the following equations where ME = metabolizable energy, EE = ether extract, ST = starch, CP = crude protein, CF = crude fiber and ADF = acid detergent fiber. Equation NE1 was used when values for EE, ST, CP and ADF were known or could be reasonably estimated. When ADF was not available, equation NE2 was used to estimate NE.
NE1 = 0.726 x ME + 1.33 x EE + 0.39 x ST – 0.62 x CP – 0.83 x ADF (R2 = 0.97; Noblet et al., 1994)
NE2 = 0.730 x ME + 1.31 x EE + 0.37 x ST – 0.67 x CP – 0.97 x CF (R2 = 0.97; Noblet et al., 1994)
The net energy value for fats and oils (Table 4) was calculated by multiplying ME by 0.90, the estimated efficiency with which fat is converted from ME to NE (INRA, 2004).
Iodine value and iodine product
Due to carcass fat quality concerns when feeding high levels of dietary unsaturated fat, both iodine value (IV) and iodine value product (IVP) are listed for each ingredient. The iodine value for each ingredient reflects the fat saturation level of each ingredient. A lower iodine value indicates a higher degree of fat saturation in the ingredient. Iodine value product is the value assigned to each ingredient that accounts for its IV and percentage fat it contains. Once calculated, IVP can be used to help predict the carcass fat IV of pigs fed those diets. Iodine values for available ingredients were obtained from the NRC (1998). For ingredients not listed in the NRC (1998), fatty acid profiles were obtained from cited references from which iodine values were calculated using the following equation:
IV = [C16:1] × 0.95 + [C18:1] × 0.86 + [C18:2] × 1.732 + [C18:3] × 2.616 + [C20:1] × 0.785 + [C22:1] × 0.723, where the brackets indicate concentration (percentage) of the fatty acid (AOCS, 1998).
Iodine value product for each ingredient was calculated using the following equation:
IVP = IV of the ingredient oil × % oil in the ingredient × 0.10 (Christensen, 1962).
Ingredient usage rate
The upper limits of usage presented in this factsheet represent conservative estimates of the extent ingredients can be included in swine diets balanced for energy, amino acids, minerals and vitamins and not negatively impact growth and reproductive performance and/or carcass composition. We acknowledge that establishing upper limits of usage is greatly dependent on individual risk tolerance. Also, situations exist were it is economically justified to increase the inclusion rate of an ingredient even if performance is negatively impacted.
In general, factors such as palatability, risk of gastrointestinal disturbance, unspecified loss of performance, appetite impairment and others that are involved in affecting growth and reproductive performance and/or carcass composition were considered in establishing the upper limits of usage indicated in this factsheet.
Table 1. Chemical composition of feed ingredients for swine (as-fed basis).a | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingredient | Dry Matter % | Digestible energy kcal/lb | Metabolizable energy kcal/lb | Net Energy kcal/lb< | Crude protein % | Acid detergent fiber % | Neutral detergent fiber % | Crude fiber % | Starch % | Crude fat % | Linoleic acid % | Iodine value | Iodine value product |
Alfalfa meal, dehydrated |
92 |
830 | 750 | 398 | 17.0 | 30.2 | 41.2 | 24.0 | 0 | 2.6 | 0.35 | 100 |
26.0 |
Bakery waste, dehydrated |
91 |
1787 | 1682 | 1349 | 10.8 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 53.7 | 11.3 | 5.70 | 125 |
141.3 |
Barley, two row |
89 |
1383 | 1322 | 1034 | 11.3 | 6.2 | 18.0 | 5.0 | 52.2 | 1.9 | 0.88 | 125 |
23.8 |
Beet pulp |
91 |
1300 | 1134 | 671 | 8.6 | 24.3 | 42.4 | 18.2 | 0 | 0.8 | 0.04 | 1 |
0.1 |
Blood | |||||||||||||
Cells, spray-dried |
92 |
1996 | 1900 | 1115 | 92.0 | — | — | 0.5 | 0 | 1.5 | — | 44 |
7.0 |
Meal, flash-dried |
92 |
1043 | 886 | 386 | 87.6 | — | — | 1.0 | 0 | 1.6 | — | 44 |
7.0 |
Meal, spray-dried |
93 |
1529 | 1338 | 710 | 88.8 | — | — | 1.0 | 0 | 1.3 | 0.17 | 44 |
6.0 |
Plasma protein, spray-dried |
91 |
2066 | 1809 | 1094 | 78.0 | — | — | 0.2 | 0 | 2.0 | — | 44 |
8.0 |
Canola meal |
90 |
1309 | 1200 | 687 | 35.6 | 17.2 | 21.2 | 11.1 | 0 | 3.5 | 0.42 | 118 |
41.3 |
Corn | |||||||||||||
Distillers dried grains w/solubles (DDGS) |
88 |
649 | 1552 | 1076 | 27.4 | 12.2 | 30.5 | 7.7 | 7.3 | 9.9 | 2.15 | 125 |
123.8 |
Distillers dried grains -high protein |
90 |
1997 | 1876 | 1252 | 41.8 | 8.7 | 16.4 | 7.2 | 11.2 | 3.4 | — | 125 |
42.5 |
Germ |
91 |
1665 | 1618 | 1259 | 14.8 | 5.6 | 20.4 | 6.2 | 23.6 | 17.5 | — | 125 |
218.8 |
Gluten feed |
90 |
1356 | 1184 | 740 | 21.5 | 10.7 | 33.3 | 6.8 | 18.0 | 3.0 | 1.43 | 125 |
37.5 |
Gluten meal, 60% CP |
90 |
1920 | 1741 | 1122 | 60.2 | 4.6 | 8.7 | 1.1 | 17.2 | 2.9 | 1.17 | 125 |
36.3 |
Grain, yellow dent |
89 |
1602 | 1555 | 1203 | 8.3 | 2.8 | 9.6 | 2.3 | 64.1 | 3.9 | 1.92 | 125 |
48.8 |
Grain, high nutrient |
87 |
1580 | 1662 | 1273 | 9.2 | 2.3 | 6.3 | 2.3 | 58.0 | 4.5 | — | 125 |
56.3 |
Grain, high oil |
87 |
1697 | 1629 | 1291 | 8.4 | 2.9 | — | 2.0 | 60.3 | 6.0 | — | 125 |
75.0 |
Grain, low-phytate |
88 |
1697 | 1629 | 1286 | 9.2 | 2.8 | — | 2.2 | 64.1 | 4.4 | — | 125 |
55.0 |
Hominy feed |
90 |
1522 | 1459 | 1104 | 10.3 | 8.1 | 28.5 | 5.0 | 36.0 | 6.7 | 2.97 | 125 |
83.8 |
Egg, spray-dried |
— |
2380 | 2285 | 1696 | 47.0 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 28 | — | 71 |
198.8 |
Fish meal, menhaden |
92 |
1710 | 1527 | 994 | 62.3 | — | — | 0.9 | 0 | 9.4 | 0.12 | 110 |
103.4 |
Flax (linseed) meal, sol. extr. |
90 |
1388 | 1229 | 793 | 33.6 | 15.0 | 23.9 | 9.8 | 0 | 1.8 | 0.36 | 169 |
30.4 |
Lactose |
96 |
1602 | 1561 | 1447 | 0.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
— |
Meat and bone meal (≥ 4.0% P) |
96 |
1432 | 1249 | 798 | 52.8 | 5.6 | 32.5 | 2.4 | 0 | 10.1 | 0.72 | 70 |
76.3 |
Meat meal (< 4% P) |
96 |
1507 | 1328 | 842 | 56.4 | 8.3 | 31.6 | 2.3 | 0 | 11.2 | 0.80 | 70 |
84.0 |
Millet, proso |
90 |
1370 | 1340 | 1004 | 11.1 | 13.8 | 15.8 | 6.1 | 52.8 | 3.5 | 1.92 | 135 |
47.3 |
Table 1. Chemical composition of feed ingredients for swine (as-fed basis).a (continued) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingredient | Dry Matter % | Digestible energy kcal/lb | Metabolizable energy kcal/lb | Net Energy kcal/lb | Crude protein % | Acid detergent fiber % | Neutral detergent fiber % | Crude fiber % | Starch % | Crude fat % | Linoleic acid % | Iodine value | Iodine value product |
Molasses | |||||||||||||
Beet |
76 |
1093 | 1060 | 716 | 11.0 | — | — | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | — | 1 |
0 |
Cane |
74 |
1044 | 1011 | 697 | 4.0 | — | — | 0 | 0 | 1.1 | — | 1 |
0.1 |
Oats | |||||||||||||
Grain |
89 |
1256 | 1232 | 861 | 11.5 | 13.5 | 27.0 | 10.7 | 36.2 | 4.7 | 1.62 | 106 |
49.8 |
Groat |
90 |
1674 | 1575 | 1218 | 13.9 | 4.6 | 11.6 | 2.5 | 52.6 | 6.2 | 2.40 | 106 |
65.7 |
Peas |
88 |
1580 | 1500 | 1082 | 22.0 | 8.2 | 13.7 | 5.5 | 44.6 | 1.2 | 0.47 | 135 |
16.2 |
Rye |
88 |
1483 | 1390 | 1070 | 11.8 | 4.6 | 12.3 | 2.2 | 53.8 | 1.6 | 0.76 | 131 |
21.0 |
Skim milk, dried |
96 |
1809 | 1689 | 1232 | 34.6 | — | — | 0.2 | 0 | 0.9 | 0.01 | 27 |
2.4 |
Sorghum, grain (milo) |
89 |
1536 | 1518 | 1187 | 9.2 | 8.3 | 18.0 | 2.2 | 64.1 | 2.9 | 1.13 | 116 |
33.6 |
Soybean | |||||||||||||
Hulls |
89 |
908 | 848 | 453 | 12.0 | 40.4 | 56.4 | 34.2 | 0.9 | 2.2 | 0.16 | 130 |
28.6 |
Meal, dehulled, 47.5% CP |
90 |
1672 | 1536 | 907 | 47.5 | 5.4 | 8.9 | 3.4 | 0.8 | 3.0 | 0.60 | 130 |
39.0 |
Meal, dehulled, 46.5% CP |
90 |
1651 | 1517 | 894 | 46.5 | 6.4 | 10.2 | 4.4 | 0.8 | 3.0 | 0.59 | 130 |
39.0 |
Meal, 44% CP |
89 |
1586 | 1445 | 881 | 44.0 | 9.4 | 13.3 | 7.3 | 0.8 | 1.5 | 0.69 | 130 |
19.5 |
Meal, enzymatically treated |
92 |
— | — | — | 54.4 | — | — | 3.8 | 0.8 | 1.1 | — | 130 |
14.3 |
Meal, fermented |
91 |
1620 | 1520 | 938 | 53.7 | — | — | 3.3 | 0.8 | 0.8 | — | 130 |
10.4 |
Protein concentrate |
90 |
1860 | 1591 | 969 | 64.0 | — | — | 3.5 | 0 | 3.0 | — | 130 |
39.0 |
Protein isolate |
92 |
1882 | 1618 | 922 | 85.8 | — | — | 0.4 | 0 | 0.6 | — | 130 |
7.8 |
Seeds, heat pro- cessed |
90 |
1878 | 1677 | 1162 | 35.2 | 8.0 | 13.9 | 5.2 | 0.4 | 18.0 | 9.13 | 130 |
234.0 |
Sunflower meal, 42% CP |
93 |
1288 | 1243 | 732 | 42.2 | 18.4 | 27.8 | 15.8 | 0 | 2.9 | 1.07 | 120 | 34.8 |
Triticale |
90 |
1506 | 1445 | 1122 | 12.5 | 3.2 | 12.7 | 4.0 | 59.9 | 1.8 | 0.71 | 87 |
15.7 |
Wheat | |||||||||||||
Bran |
89 |
1098 | 1034 | 679 | 15.7 | 11.9 | 42.1 | 10.0 | 19.8 | 4.0 | 1.80 | 83 |
33.2 |
Grain, hard red winter |
88 |
1526 | 1459 | 1114 | 13.5 | 3.7 | 13.5 | 2.6 | 55.5 | 2.0 | 0.93 | 83 |
16.6 |
Middlings, <9.5% fiber |
89 |
1395 | 1375 | 993 | 15.9 | 9.2 | 35.6 | 7.8 | 27.7 | 4.2 | 1.74 | 83 |
34.9 |
Whey | |||||||||||||
Dried |
96 |
1513 | 1450 | 1299 | 12.1 | — | — | — | 0 | 0.9 | 0.01 | 27 |
2.4 |
Permeate |
96 |
1558 | 1500 | 1080 | 3.8 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 0.2 | — | 27 |
0.5 |
Protein concentrate, 78%CP |
94 |
2250 | 1978 | 1290 | 78.2 | 0 | — | — | 0 | 12.8 | — | 27 |
35.0 |
aDashes indicate no data were available.
<td”>0.91 (83)0.45 (75)1.43 (78)1.82 (77)2.21 (85)0.96 (85)2.58 (81)1.43 (82)1.13 (79)<td”>Meat meal (< 4% P)
Table 2. Amino acid composition of feed ingredients for swine (as-fed basis). Percent standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids for swine shown in parenthesisa | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingredient | Dry Matter % | Crude protein % | Lysine %< | Threonine % | Methionine % | Cysteine % | Tryptophan % | Isoleucine % | Valine % | Arginine % | Histidine % | Leucine % | Phenylalanine % | Tyrosine % |
Alfalfa meal, dehy- drated | 92 | 17.0 | 0.74 (56) | 0.70 (63) | 0.25 (71) | 0.18 (37) | 0.24 (46) | 0.68 (68) | 0.86 (64) | 0.71 (74) | 0.37 (59) | 1.21 (71) | 0.84 (70) | 0.55 (66) |
Bakery waste, dehydrated | 91 | 10.8 | 0.27 (77) | 0.33 (69) | 0.18 (90) | 0.23 (91) | 0.10 (91) | 0.38 (94) | 0.46 (93) | 0.46 (—) | 0.24 (—) | 0.80 (90) | 0.50 (—) | 0.36 (—) |
Barley, two row | 89 | 11.3 | 0.41 (79) | 0.35 (81) | 0.20 (86) | 0.28 (86) | 0.11 (80) | 0.39 (84) | 0.52 (82) | 0.54 (86) | 0.25 (86) | 0.77 (86) | 0.55 (88) | 0.29 (87) |
Beet pulp | 91 | 8.6 | 0.52 (51) | 0.38 (30) | 0.07 (64) | 0.06 (21) | 0.10 (41) | 0.31 (60) | 0.45 (42) | 0.32 (57) | 0.23 (61) | 0.53 (59) | 0.30 (54) | 0.40 (51) |
Blood | ||||||||||||||
Cells, spray-dried | 92 | 92.0 | 8.51 (98) | 3.38 (96) | 0.81 (94) | 0.61 (89) | 1.37 (97) | 0.49 (53) | 8.50 (98) | 3.77 (99) | 6.99 (98) | 12.70 (98) | 6.69 (98) | 2.14 (88) |
Meal, flash-dried | 92 | 87.6 | 7.56 (77) | 4.07 (80) | 0.95 (80) | 1.20 (64) | 1.06 (77) | 0.88 (65) | 8.03 (77) | 3.37 (79) | 4.57 (79) | 11.48 (80) | 6.41 (81) | 2.32 (54) |
Meal, spray-dried | 93 | 88.8 | 7.45 (94) | 3.78 (94) | 0.99 (96) | 1.04 (91) | 1.48 (94) | 1.03 (92) | 7.03 (91) | 3.69 (92) | 5.30 (92) | 10.81 (92) | 5.81 (93) | 2.71 (93) |
Plasma protein, spray-dried | 91 | 78.0 | 6.84 (91) | 4.72 (87) | 0.75 (92) | 2.63 (85) | 1.36 (92) | 2.71 (92) | 4.94 (89) | 4.55 (95) | 2.55 (91) | 7.61 (92) | 4.42 (92) | 3.53 (92) |
Canola meal | 90 | 35.6 | 2.08 (78) | 1.59 (76) | 0.74 (86) | |||||||||
Corn | ||||||||||||||
Distillers dried grains w/solubles (DDGS) | 88 | 27.4 | 0.78 (62) | 0.97 (71) | 0.58 (82) | 0.38 (74) | 0.20 (70) | 1.04 (75) | 1.38 (75) | 1.16 (81) | 0.71 (77) | 3.32 (83) | 1.34 (81) | 1.16 (81) |
Distillers dried grains -high protein | 90 | 41.8 | 1.17 (64) | 1.54 (77) | 0.86 (88) | 0.80 (82) | 0.24 (81) | 1.73 (81) | 2.11 (80) | 1.52 (83) | 1.10 (81) | 5.96 (91) | 2.38 (87) | 1.97 (88) |
Germ | 91 | 14.8 | 0.79 (58) | 0.52 (53) | 0.26 (68) | 0.31 (64) | 0.11 (67) | 0.45 (57) | 0.73 (62) | 1.10 (83) | 0.42 (69) | 1.09 (68) | 0.58 (64) | 0.42 (59) |
Gluten feed | 90 | 21.5 | 0.63 (66) | 0.74 (71) | 0.35 (83) | 0.46 (59) | 0.07 (64) | 0.66 (80) | 1.01 (77) | 1.04 (87) | 0.67 (78) | 1.96 (85) | 0.76 (87) | 0.58 (84) |
Gluten meal, 60% CP | 90 | 60.2 | 1.02 (80) | 2.08 (84) | 1.43 (90) | 1.09 (82) | 0.31 (63) | 2.48 (84) | 2.79 (80) | 1.93 (89) | 1.28 (80) | 10.19 (88) | 3.84 (85) | 3.25 (87) |
Grain, yellow dent | 89 | 8.3 | 0.26 (78) | 0.29 (82) | 0.17 (90) | 0.19 (86) | 0.06 (84) | 0.28 (87) | 0.39 (87) | 0.37 (89) | 0.23 (87) | 0.99 (92) | 0.39 (90) | 0.25 (89) |
Grain, high nutrient | 87 | 9.2 | 0.27 (78) | 0.31 (79) | 0.22 (87) | 0.22 (82) | 0.07 (76) | 0.33 (83) | 0.44 (82) | 0.43 (88) | 0.26 (85) | 1.17 (87) | 0.41 (85) | 0.20 (80) |
Grain, high oil | 87 | 8.4 | 0.28 (—) | 0.31 (—) | 0.20 (—) | 0.19 (—) | 0.07 (—) | 0.31 (—) | 0.42 (—) | 0.43 (—) | 0.27 (—) | 1.06 (—) | 0.42 (—) | — (—) |
Grain, low-phytate | 88 | 9.2 | 0.29 (81) | 0.30 (81) | 0.20 (88) | 0.19 (85) | 0.07 (—) | 0.33 (86) | 0.46 (85) | 0.41 (93) | 0.25 (86) | 1.10 (90) | 0.37 (89) | 0.32 (89) |
Hominy feed | 90 | 10.3 | 0.38 (65) | 0.40 (65) | 0.18 (86) | 0.18 (67) | 0.10 (60) | 0.36 (75) | 0.52 (73) | 0.56 (86) | 0.28 (74) | 0.98 (83) | 0.43 (84) | 0.40 (88) |
Egg, spray-dried | — | 47.0 | 3.09 (81) | 2.25 (84) | 1.48 (90) | 1.11 (90) | 0.73 (90) | 2.87 (89) | 3.30 (86) | — | — | 4.03 (89) | — | — |
Fish meal, menhaden | 92 | 62.9 | 4.81 (95) | 2.64 (88) | 1.77 (94) | 0.57 (88) | 0.66 (90) | 2.57 (94) | 3.03 (93) | 3.66 (94) | 1.78 (93) | 4.54 (94) | 2.51 (93) | 2.04 (92) |
Flax (linseed) meal, sol. extr. | 90 | 33.6 | 1.24 (82) | 1.26 (79) | 0.59 (85) | 0.59 (87) | 0.52 (84) | 1.56 (81) | 1.74 (82) | 2.97 (78) | 0.68 (81) | 2.06 (80) | 1.57 (80) | 1.03 (—) |
Lactose | 96 | 0.3 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Meat and bone meal (≥ 4.0% P) | 96 | 52.8 | 2.76 (80) | 1.62 (80) | 0.72 (83) | 0.51 (63) | 0.36 (78) | 1.54 (82) | 2.28 (79) | 3.55 (83) | 0.98 (83) | 3.17 (81) | 1.74 (81) | 1.16 (78) |
96 | 56.4 | 3.29 (83) | 1.89 (82) | 0.87 (87) | 0.52 (58) | 0.43 (79) | 1.92 (84) | 2.60 (80) | 3.58 (86) | 1.29 (83) | 3.71 (83) | 2.00 (85) | 1.37 (80) | |
Millet, proso | 90 | 11.1 | 0.23 (90) | 0.40 (94) | 0.31 (93) | 0.18 (92) | 0.16 (98) | 0.46 (96) | 0.57 (94) | 0.41 (93) | 0.20 (88) | 1.24 (94) | 0.56 (98) | 0.31 (—) |
<td”>9013.90.48 (79)0.44 (80)0.20 (86)0.22 (85)0.18 (82)0.55 (83)0.72 (81)0.85 (86)0.24 (82)0.98 (83)0.66 (84)0.51 (84)
Table 2. Amino acid composition of feed ingredients for swine (as-fed basis). Percent standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids for swine shown in parenthesisa (continued) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingredient | Dry Matter % | Crude protein % | Lysine % | Threonine % | Methionine % | Cysteine % | Tryptophan % | Isoleucine % | Valine % | Arginine % | Histidine % | Leucine % | Phenylalanine % | Tyrosine % |
Molasses | ||||||||||||||
Beet | 76 | 11.0 | 0.16 (—) | 0.07 (—) | 0.02 (—) | 0.07 (—) | 0.08 (—) | 0.28 (—) | 0.19 (—) | 0.08 (—) | 0.06 (—) | 0.29 (—) | 0.05 (—) | 0.29 (—) |
Cane | 74 | 4.0 | 0.01 (—) | 0.06 (—) | 0.02 (—) | 0.04 (—) | 0.01 (—) | 0.03 (—) | 0.12 (—) | 0.02 (—) | 0.01 (—) | 0.05 (—) | 0.02 (—) | 0.05 (—) |
Oats | ||||||||||||||
Grain | 89 | 11.5 | 0.40 (76) | 0.44 (71) | 0.22 (84) | 0.36 (75) | 0.14 (78) | 0.48 (80) | 0.66 (79) | 0.87 (89) | 0.31 (85) | 0.92 (83) | 0.65 (86) | 0.41 (82) |
Groat | ||||||||||||||
Peas | 88 | 22.0 | 1.60 (88) | 0.90 (78) | 0.24 (80) | 0.26 (73) | 0.19 (75) | 0.95 (83) | 1.05 (80) | 1.85 (92) | 0.55 (88) | 1.65 (85) | 1.05 (86) | 0.75 (85) |
Rye | 88 | 11.8 | 0.38 (73) | 0.32 (73) | 0.17 (81) | 0.19 (83) | 0.12 (75) | 0.37 (77) | 0.51 (75) | 0.50 (79) | 0.24 (78) | 0.64 (79) | 0.50 (82) | 0.26 (76) |
Skim milk, dried | 96 | 34.6 | 2.86 (93) | 1.62 (92) | 0.92 (96) | 0.30 (89) | 0.51 (97) | 1.87 (88) | 2.33 (91) | 1.24 (92) | 1.05 (96) | 3.67 (97) | 1.78 (98) | 1.87 (97) |
Sorghum, grain (milo) | 88 | 9.2 | 0.22 (81) | 0.31 (84) | 0.17 (89) | 0.17 (83) | 0.10 (83) | 0.37 (87) | 0.46 (87) | 0.38 (87) | 0.23 (81) | 1.21 (90) | 0.49 (88) | 0.35 (87) |
Soybean | ||||||||||||||
Hulls | 89 | 12.0 | 0.71 (59) | 0.43 (58) | 0.14 (68) | 0.19 (63) | 0.14 (63) | 0.44 (60) | 0.51 (58) | 0.59 (77) | 0.28 (58) | 0.74 (61) | 0.45 (68) | 0.36 (64) |
Meal, dehulled, 47.5% CP | 90 | 47.5 | 3.02 (90) | 1.85 (87) | 0.67 (91) | 0.74 (87) | 0.65 (90) | 2.16 (89) | 2.27 (88) | 3.48 (94) | 1.28 (91) | 3.66 (89) | 2.39 (89) | 1.82 (90) |
Meal, dehulled, 46.5% CP | 90 | 46.5 | 2.96 (89) | 1.81 (86) | 0.66 (90) | 0.72 (86) | 0.64 (89) | 2.11 (88) | 2.22 (87) | 3.40 (94) | 1.25 (90) | 3.58 (88) | 2.34 (88) | 1.78 (89) |
Meal, 44% CP | 89 | 44.0 | 2.83 (89) | 1.73 (85) | 0.61 (91) | 0.70 (84) | 0.61 (87) | 1.99 (88) | 2.06 (86) | 3.23 (93) | 1.17 (90) | 3.42 (88) | 2.18 (88) | 1.69 (90) |
Meal, enzymatically treated | 92 | 54.4 | 3.06 (88) | 2.02 (86) | 0.71 (92) | 0.76 (85) | 0.69 (88) | 2.31 (90) | 2.40 (90) | 3.75 (98) | 1.35 (89) | 3.98 (89) | 2.74 (92) | 2.03 (92) |
Meal, fermented | 91 | 53.7 | 3.11 (77) | 1.98 (79) | 0.76 (88) | 0.77 (70) | 0.67 (84) | 2.48 (86) | 2.69 (84) | 3.50 (94) | 1.30 (84) | 4.09 (85) | 2.71 (87) | 1.97 (88) |
Protein concentrate | 90 | 64.0 | 4.20 (95) | 2.80 (94) | 0.90 (94) | 1.00 (94) | 0.90 (93) | 3.30 (94) | 3.40 (93) | 5.79 (99) | 1.80 (97) | 5.30 (95) | 3.40 (97) | 2.50 (96) |
Protein isolate | 92 | 85.8 | 5.26 (91) | 3.17 (85) | 1.01 (92) | 1.19 (82) | 1.08 (88) | 4.25 (90) | 4.21 (89) | 6.87 (99) | 2.25 (91) | 6.64 (89) | 4.34 (92) | 3.10 (91) |
Seeds, heat processed | 90 | 35.2 | 2.22 (93) | 1.41 (86) | 0.53 (92) | 0.55 (85) | 0.48 (89) | 1.61 (90) | 1.68 (89) | 2.60 (97) | 0.96 (92) | 2.75 (90) | 1.83 (91) | 1.32 (91) |
Sunflower meal, 42% CP | 93 | 42.2 | 1.20 (90) | 1.33 (84) | 0.82 (90) | 0.66 (81) | 0.44 (84) | 1.44 (84) | 1.74 (82) | 2.93 (93) | 0.92 (85) | 2.31 (85) | 1.66 (86) | 1.03 (88) |
Triticale | 90 | 12.5 | 0.39 (81) | 0.36 (76) | 0.20 (89) | 0.26 (87) | 0.14 (88) | 0.39 (84) | 0.51 (84) | 0.57 (88) | 0.26 (84) | 0.76 (86) | 0.49 (85) | 0.32 (83) |
Wheat | ||||||||||||||
Bran | 89 | 15.7 | 0.64 (71) | 0.52 (70) | 0.25 (79) | 0.33 (77) | 0.22 (74) | 0.49 (76) | 0.72 (75) | 1.07 (87) | 0.44 (82) | 0.98 (78) | 0.62 (81) | 0.43 (80) |
Grain, hard red winter | 88 | 13.5 | 0.34 (81) | 0.37 (83) | 0.20 (89) | 0.29 (91) | 0.15 (88) | 0.41 (89) | 0.54 (86) | 0.60 (88) | 0.32 (90) | 0.86 (90) | 0.60 (91) | 0.38 (90) |
Middlings, <9.5% fiber | 89 | 15.9 | 0.57 (89) | 0.51 (88) | 0.26 (93) | 0.32 (91) | 0.20 (91) | 0.53 (92) | 0.75 (90) | 0.97 (95) | 0.44 (94) | 1.06 (93) | 0.70 (95) | 0.29 (92) |
Whey | ||||||||||||||
Dried | 96 | 12.1 | 0.90 (87) | 0.72 (79) | 0.17 (81) | 0.25 (85) | 0.18 (79) | 0.62 (83) | 0.60 (77) | 0.26 (48) | 0.23 (89) | 1.08 (87) | 0.36 (83) | 0.25 (77) |
Permeate | 96 | 3.8 | 0.18 (—) | 0.14 (—) | 0.03 (—) | 0.04 (—) | 0.03 (—) | 0.17 (—) | 0.13 (—) | 0.06 (—) | 0.05 (—) | 0.22 (—) | 0.06 (—) | — (—) |
Protein concentrate, 78% CP | 94 | 78.2 | 7.33 (96) | 5.21 (88) | 1.65 (94) | 1.75 (85) | 1.72 (102) | 5.07 (94) | 4.75 (93) | 1.96 (95) | 1.58 (91) | 8.49 (95) | 2.69 (90) | 2.44 (86) |
Table 3. Chemical composition of manufactured amino acids sources for swine (as-fed basis).a | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amino Acid | Source | Dry Matter % | Digestible energy % | Metabolizable energy kcal/lb | Net energy kcal/lb | Crude protein % | Lysine % | Threonine % | Methionine % | Tryptophan % | Isoleucine % | Valine % |
Isoleucine | L-isoleucine | 99 | 2926 | 2781 | 2146 | 65.4 | 98 | |||||
Lysine | L-lysine HCl | 99.5 | 2175 | 1979 | 1533 | 95.4 | 78.8 | |||||
Lysine, liquid | 55.0 | — | 1333 | — | 59.9 | 50.0 | ||||||
Lysine, liquid | — | — | — | — | — | 60.0 | ||||||
Lysine, sulfate | 95.0 | 2023 | 1925 | 1435 | 75.0 | 50.7 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.14 | 0.4 | 0.7 | |
Methionine | DL-methinine | 99.5 | 2566 | 2436 | 1881 | 58.4 | 99.0 | |||||
MHA | 88.0 | 2273 | 2153 | 1664 | — | 88 | ||||||
Threonine | L-threonine | 99.5 | 1870 | 1718 | 1338 | 73.1 | 99.0 | |||||
Tryptophan | L-tryptophan | 99.5 | 2990 | 2806 | 2175 | 85.3 | 98.5 | |||||
Valine | L-valine | 98.5 | 2644 | 2486 | — | 72.1 | 96.5 |
aDashes indicate no data were available.
<td”>3.10.6
Table 4. Chemical composition of fats, oils and crude glycerol for swine (as-fed basis).a | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingredient | Dry Matter % | Digestible energy kcal/lb | Metabolizable energy kcal/lb | Net energy kcal/lb | Usnaturated: saturated fatty acid ratio | Iodine value | Iodine value product | Total Σ N-6 | Total Σ N-3 |
Animal fats | |||||||||
Beef tallow | 99 | 3636 | 3491 | 3142 | 0.92 | 44 | 440 | ||
Choice white grease | 99 | 3768 | 3616 | 3254 | 1.45 | 60 | 600 | 11.6 | 0.4 |
Poultry fat | 99 | 3873 | 3718 | 3346 | 2.20 | 78 | 780 | 19.5 | 1.0 |
Glycerol, crude (86.96% glycerol) | 91 | 1520 | 1458 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Fish oils | |||||||||
Herring | 99 | 3945 | 3786 | 3407 | 3.39 | — | — | 1.4 | 17.8 |
Menhaden | 99 | 3852 | 3698 | 3328 | 2.00 | — | — | 1.5 | 25.1 |
Vegetable oils | |||||||||
Canola | 100 | 3982 | 3823 | 3441 | 12.46 | 118 | 1180 | 20.3 | 9.3 |
Corn | 100 | 3980 | 3820 | 3438 | 6.53 | 125 | 1250 | 58.0 | 0.7 |
Restaurant grease | 98 | 3886 | 3730 | 3357 | 2.34 | 75 | 750 | 17.5 | 1.9 |
Soybean | 100 | 3977 | 3818 | 3436 | 5.64 | 130 | 1300 | 51.0 | 6.8 |
aDashes indicate no data were available.
Table 5. Mineral composition of feed ingredients for swine (as-fed basis). Percent bio-availablity and apparent digestibility of phosphorus for swine shown in parenthesis, respectivelya | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingredient | Dry Matter % | Calcium % | Phosphorus % | Sodium % | Chlorine % | Copper ppm | Iodine ppm | Iron ppm | Manganese ppm | Selenium ppm | Zinc pm | Magnesium % | Potassium % | Sulfur % |
Alfalfa meal, dehydrated | 92 | 1.53 | 0.26 (100, 20) | 0.09 | 0.47 | 10 | 0.15 | 333 | 32 | 0.34 | 24 | 0.23 | 2.30 | 0.29 |
Bakery waste, dehydrated | 91 | 0.13 | 0.25 (36, —) | 1.14 | 1.48 | 5 | — | 28 | 65 | — | 15 | 0.24 | 0.39 | 0.02 |
Barley, two row | 89 | 0.06 | 0.35 (30, 41b) | 0.04 | 0.12 | 7 | 0.04 | 78 | 18 | 0.19 | 25 | 0.14 | 0.45 | 0.15 |
Beet pulp | 91 | 0.70 | 0.10 (20, 20) | 0.20 | 0.10 | 11 | 2 | 411 | 46 | 0.09 | 12 | 0.22 | 0.61 | 0.31 |
Blood | ||||||||||||||
Cells, spray-dried | 92 | 0.02 | 0.34 (92, 80) | 0.55 | 0.61 | 3 | — | 2618 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 16 | 0.02 | 0.80 | 0.49 |
Meal, flash-dried | 92 | 0.21 | 0.21 (92, 80) | 0.29 | 0.38 | 6 | 0.34 | 2341 | 10 | 0.58 | 16 | 0.21 | 0.14 | 0.45 |
Meal, spray-dried | 93 | 0.41 | 0.30 (92, 80) | 0.44 | 0.25 | 8 | 0.34 | 2919 | 6 | 0.58 | 30 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.47 |
Plasma protein, spray-dried | 91 | 0.15 | 1.48 (92, 80) | 2.76 | 1.19 | 18 | — | 77 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 13 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 1.02 |
Canola meal | 90 | 0.63 | 1.01 (16, 32) | 0.07 | 0.11 | 6 | 0.09 | 142 | 49 | 1.10 | 69 | 0.51 | 1.22 | 0.85 |
Corn | ||||||||||||||
Distillers dried grains w/solubles (DDGS) | 88 | 0.06 | 0.69 (76, 59) | 0.21 | 0.20 | 5 | 0.03 | 105 | 14 | 0.39 | 85 | 0.29 | 0.82 | 0.41 |
Distillers dried grains -high protein | 90 | 0.02 | 0.38 (76, 60) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Germ | 91 | 0.02 | 1.20 (33, 29) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Gluten feed | 90 | 0.22 | 0.83 (59, 22) | 0.15 | 0.22 | 48 | 0.07 | 460 | 24 | 0.27 | 70 | 0.33 | 0.98 | 0.22 |
Gluten meal, 60% CP | 90 | 0.05 | 0.44 (15, 19) | 0.02 | 0.06 | 26 | — | 282 | 4 | 1.0 | 33 | 0.08 | 0.18 | 0.43 |
Grain, yellow dent | 89 | 0.03 | 0.28 (14, 28) | 0.02 | 0.05 | 3 | 0.09 | 29 | 7 | 0.07 | 18 | 0.12 | 0.33 | 0.13 |
Grain, high nutrient | 87 | 0.04 | 0.26 (35, 40) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.11 | 0.32 | — |
Grain, high oil | 87 | 0.01 | 0.26 (32, 40) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Grain, low-phytate | 88 | 0.03 | 0.28 (66, 55) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.10 | 0.28 | — |
Hominy feed | 90 | 0.05 | 0.43 (14, 21) | 0.08 | 0.07 | 13 | — | 67 | 15 | 0.10 | 30 | 0.24 | 0.61 | 0.03 |
Egg, spray-dried | — | 0.21 | 0.67 (50, —) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Fish meal, menhaden | 92 | 5.21 | 3.04 (93, 77) | 0.40 | 0.55 | 11 | 1.09 | 440 | 37 | 2.10 | 147 | 0.16 | 0.70 | 0.45 |
Flax (linseed) meal, sol. extr. | 90 | 0.39 | 0.83 (—, 32) | 0.13 | 0.06 | 22 | 0.90 | 270 | 41 | 0.63 | 66 | 0.54 | 1.26 | 0.39 |
Lactose | 96 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Meat and bone meal (≥ 4.0% P) | 96 | 9.87 | 4.63 (90, 75) | 0.69 | 0.65 | 11 | 1.31 | 606 | 17 | 0.31 | 0.38 | 0.41 | 0.65 | 0.38 |
Meat meal (< 4% P) | 96 | 6.60 | 3.17 (90, 75) | 0.80 | 0.97 | 10 | — | 440 | 10 | 0.37 | 94 | 0.35 | 0.57 | 0.45 |
>Millet, proso | 90 | 0.03 | 0.31 (32, —) | 0.04 | 0.03 | 26 | — | 71 | 30 | 0.70 | 18 | 0.16 | 0.43 | 0.14 |
Table 5. Mineral composition of feed ingredients for swine (as-fed basis). Percent bio-availablity and apparent digestibility of phosphorus for swine shown in parenthesis, respectivelya (continued) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingredient | Dry Matter % | Calcium % | Phosphorus % | Sodium % | Chlorine % | Copper ppm | Iodine ppm | Iron ppm | Manganese ppm | Selenium ppm | Zinc ppm | Magnesium % | Potassium % | Sulfur % |
Molasses | ||||||||||||||
Beet | 76 | 0.10 | 0.02 (33, 20) | 0.68 | 0.45 | 13 | 1.1 | 117 | 29 | — | 17 | 0.05 | 3.92 | — |
Cane | 74 | 0.74 | 0.06 (33, 20) | 0.24 | 1.59 | 29 | — | 188 | 59 | — | 13 | 0.33 | 3.74 | — |
Oats | ||||||||||||||
Grain | 89 | 0.07 | 0.31 (22, 32) | 0.08 | 0.10 | 6 | 0.09 | 85 | 43 | 0.30 | 38 | 0.16 | 0.42 | 0.21 |
Groat | 90 | 0.08 | 0.41 (14, 32) | 0.05 | 0.09 | 6 | — | 49 | 32 | 0.09 | 26 | 0.11 | 0.38 | 0.20 |
Peas | 88 | 0.10 | 0.44 (30, 55) | 0.04 | 0.05 | 9 | 0.26 | 65 | 23 | 0.38 | 23 | 0.12 | 1.02 | 0.20 |
Rye | 88 | 0.06 | 0.33 (—, 50b) | 0.02 | 0.03 | 7 | 0.08 | 60 | 58 | 0.38 | 31 | 0.12 | 0.48 | 0.15 |
Skim milk, dried | 96 | 1.31 | 1.00 (91, 90) | 0.48 | 1.00 | 5 | 0.82 | 8 | 2 | 0.12 | 42 | 0.12 | 1.60 | 0.32 |
Sorghum, grain (milo) | 89 | 0.03 | 0.29 (20, 25) | 0.01 | 0.09 | 5 | 0.02 | 45 | 15 | 0.20 | 15 | 0.15 | 0.35 | 0.08 |
Soybean | ||||||||||||||
Hulls | 89 | 0.49 | 0.14 (78, 20) | 0.01 | 0.02 | 8 | — | 580 | 22 | 0.21 | 40 | 0.22 | 1.20 | 0.13 |
Meal, dehulled, 47.5% CP | 90 | 0.34 | 0.69 (23, 32) | 0.02 | 0.05 | 20 | 0.15 | 176 | 36 | 0.27 | 55 | 0.30 | 2.14 | 0.44 |
Meal, dehulled, 46.5% CP | 90 | 0.34 | 0.67 (23, 32) | 0.02 | 0.05 | 20 | 0.15 | 187 | 36 | 0.27 | 55 | 0.30 | 2.14 | 0.44 |
Meal, 44% CP | 89 | 0.32 | 0.65 (31, 20) | 0.01 | 0.05 | 20 | — | 202 | 29 | 0.32 | 50 | 0.27 | 1.96 | 0.43 |
Meal, enzymatically treated | 92 | 0.35 | 0.74 (—, 59) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Meal, fermented | 91 | 0.29 | 0.82 (—, 59) | 0.12 | — | 7 | — | 142 | 21 | — | 39 | 0.18 | 1.20 | 0.36 |
Protein concen- trate | 90 | 0.35 | 0.81 (33, —) | 0.05 | — | 13 | — | 110 | 47 | — | 30 | 0.32 | 2.20 | 0.54 |
Protein isolate | 92 | 0.15 | 0.65 (—, —) | 0.07 | 0.02 | 14 | — | 137 | 5 | 0.14 | 34 | 0.08 | 0.27 | 0.71 |
Seeds, heat processed | 90 | 0.25 | 0.59 (33, 32) | 0.03 | 0.03 | 16 | 0.09 | 80 | 30 | 0.11 | 39 | 0.28 | 1.70 | 0.30 |
Sunflower meal, 42% CP | 93 | 0.37 | 1.01 (3, 19) | 0.04 | 0.13 | 25 | 0.09 | 200 | 35 | 0.32 | 98 | 0.75 | 1.27 | 0.38 |
Triticale | 90 | 0.05 | 0.33 (46, 48b) | 0.03 | 0.03 | 8 | 0.09 | 31 | 43 | — | 32 | 0.10 | 0.46 | 0.15 |
Wheat | ||||||||||||||
Bran | 89 | 0.16 | 1.20 (29, 50b) | 0.04 | 0.07 | 14 | 0.06 | 170 | 113 | 0.51 | 100 | 0.52 | 1.26 | 0.22 |
Grain, hard red winter | 88 | 0.06 | 0.37 (50, 45b) | 0.01 | 0.06 | 6 | 0.09 | 39 | 34 | 0.33 | 40 | 0.13 | 0.49 | 0.15 |
Middlings, <9.5% fiber | 89 | 0.12 | 0.93 (41, 50b) | 0.05 | 0.04 | 10 | 0.11 | 84 | 100 | 0.72 | 92 | 0.41 | 1.06 | 0.17 |
Whey | ||||||||||||||
Dried | 96 | 0.75 | 0.72 (97, 90) | 0.94 | 1.40 | 13 | — | 130 | 3 | 0.12 | 10 | 0.13 | 1.96 | 0.72 |
Permeate | 96 | 0.86 | 0.66 (97, 86) | 1.00 | 2.23 | 0.3 | — | 36 | 0.26 | — | 1.1 | 0.15 | 2.10 | 0.27 |
Protein concentrate, 78% CP | 94 | 0.63 | 0.38 (—, —) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
aDashes indicate no data were available.
bAssumes the ingredient is not heated or cooked; if the ingredient is heat-treated, the digestibility coefficient shown will be reduced by the following percentage units due to the inactivation of endogenous phytase (barley, 9; rye, 20; triticale, 18; wheat bran, 25; wheat, 15; wheat midds, 25).
Table 6. Mineral concentrations in macro mineral sources for swine (as-fed basis)a. Percent bio-availablity and apparent total tract digestibility of phosphorus for swine shown in parenthesis, respectivelya | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mineral element | Source | Dry Matter (%) | Calcium (%)b | Phosphorus (%)c | Sodium (%) | Chloride (%) | Iron (ppm) | Manganese (ppm) | Zinc (ppm) | Magnesium (%) | Potassium (%) | Sulfur (%) |
Calcium | Calcium chloride, dihydrate | — | 27 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Limestone (minimum 95% calcium carbonate) | 99 | 38.0 | 0.02 (—, —) | 0.08 | 0.02 | 600 | 200 | 18 | 1.61 | 0.08 | 0.08 | |
Oyster shell | 99 | 37.6 | — | 0.21 | 0.01 | 2840 | 133 | — | 0.30 | 0.10 | — | |
Calcium and phosphorus | Bone meal, steamed | 97 | 29.8 | 12.5 (82, —) | 0.04 | — | 850 | 300 | 126 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 2.40 |
Dicalcium phosphate | 96 | 20 to 24 | 18.50 (100, 81) | 0.18 | 0.47 | 7900 | 1400 | 92 | 0.80 | 0.15 | 0.80 | |
Monocalcium phosphate | 100 | 17.00 | 21.10 (100, 81) | 0.20 | — | 7500 | 100 | 220 | 0.90 | 0.16 | 0.80 | |
Calcium sulfate, dehydrate | 85 | 21.85 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.48 | — | 16.19 | |
Defluorinated rock phosphate | 100 | 32.00 | 18.00 (87, —) | 3.27 | — | 8400d | 500 | 43 | 0.29 | 0.10 | 0.13 | |
Monoammonium phosphate | 97 | 0.35 | 24.20 (100, —) | 0.20 | — | 4100 | 100 | 300 | 0.75 | 0.16 | 1.50 | |
Curaco phosphate | 100 | 35.09 | 14.23 (50, —) | 0.20 | — | 3500 | — | — | 0.80 | — | — | |
Soft rock phosphate | 100 | 16.09 | 9.05 (40, —) | 0.10 | — | 19200 | 1000 | — | 0.38 | — | — | |
Magnesium | Magnesium carbonate | 81 | 0.02 | — | — | — | — | 100 | — | 30.20 | — | — |
Magnesium oxide | 100 | 1.69 | — | — | — | 10600 | — | — | 55.00 | 0.02 | 0.10 | |
Magnesium sulfate, heptahydrate | 49 | 0.02 | — | — | 0.01 | — | — | — | 9.60 | — | 13.04 | |
Potassium | Potassium chloride | 100 | 0.05 | — | 1.00 | 46.93 | 600 | 10 | — | 0.23 | 51.37 | 0.32 |
Potassium sulfate | — | 0.15 | — | 0.09 | 1.50 | 700 | 10 | — | 0.60 | 43.04 | 17.64 | |
Sodium | Sodium carbonate | — | — | — | 43.30 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Sodium bicarbonate | — | 0.01 | — | 27.00 | — | — | — | — | — | 0.01 | — | |
Sodium and chloride | Sodium chloride | — | 0.30 | — | 39.50 | 59.00 | 100 | — | — | 0.005 | — | 0.20 |
Sodium and phosphorus | Disodium phosphate | 100 | — | 21.15 (100, —) | 31.04 | — | — | `— | — | — | — | — |
Monosodium phosphate | 87 | 0.09 | 24.94 (100, 92) | 18.65 | 0.02 | 10 | — | — | 0.01 | 0.01 | — | |
Sodium and sulfur | Sodium sulfate, decahydrate | — | — | — | 13.80 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 9.70 |
aThese mineral supplements are not chemically pure compounds, and the composition may vary substantially among sources. The supplier’s analysis should be used if it is available. For example, feed-grade dicalcium phosphate contains some monocalcium phosphate and feed-grade monocalcium phosphate contains some dicalcium phosphate. Dashes indicate that no data were available. Most common sources are in bold-italic.
bEstimates indicate 90 to 100% relative bioavailability of calcium in most sources of monocalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, defluorinated phosphate, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, and calcitic limestone. The calcium in high-magnesium limestone or dolomtic limestone is less bioavailable (50 to 80%).
cBioavailability estimates are generally expressed as a percentage of monosodium phosphate or monocalcium phosphate.
dIron in defluorinated phosphate is about 65% as available as the iron in ferrous sulfate.
Table 7. Mineral concentrations in micro or trace mineral sources for swinea | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mineral element | Source | Concentration of element, % | Relative bioavailability, %b |
Chromium | Tripicolinate | Variable | 100 |
Propionate | Variable | 13 | |
Methionine | Variable | 51 | |
Yeast | Variable | 23 | |
Copper | Sulfate (pentahydrate) | 25.2 | 100 |
Amino acid chelate | Variable | 122 | |
Amino acid complex | Variable | — | |
Acetate | 32.1 | — | |
Carbonate | 50 to 55 | 60 to 100 | |
Chloride, tribasic | 58 | 100 | |
Lysine | Variable | 94 to 124 | |
Oxide | 75.0 | 0 to 10 | |
Polysaccharide complex | Variable | — | |
Proteinate | Variable | 105 to 111 | |
Iodine | Ethylenediamine dihydroiodiode (EDDI) | 79.5 | 100 |
Calcium iodate | 63.5 | 100 | |
Potassium iodide | 68.8 | 100 | |
Potassium iodate | 59.3 | — | |
Copper iodide | 66.6 | 100 | |
Iron | Sulfate (monohydrate) | 30 | 100 |
Amino acid chelate | Variable | — | |
Amino acid complex | Variable | — | |
Chloride | 20.7 | 40 to 100 | |
Carbonate | 38 | 15 to 80 | |
Methionine | Variable | — | |
Polysaccharide complex | Variable | — | |
Proteinate | Variable | — | |
Sulfate (heptahydrate) | 20 | 100 | |
Manganese | Sulfate (monohydrate) | 29.5 | 100 |
Amino acid chelate | Variable | — | |
Amino acid complex | Variable | — | |
Carbonate | 46.4 | 30 to 100 | |
Chloride | 27.5 | 100 | |
Dioxide | 63.1 | 35 to 95 | |
Methionine | Variable | 120 to 125 | |
Oxide | 60 | 70 | |
Polysaccharide complex | Variable | — | |
Proteinate | Variable | 110 |
Table 7. Mineral concentrations in micro or trace mineral sources for swinea(continued) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Mineral element | Source | Concentration of element, % | Relative bioavailability, %b |
Selenium | Sodium selenite | 45 | 100 |
Proteinate (methionine) | Variable | 102 | |
Sodium selenate | 21.4 | 100 | |
Yeast | Variable | 108 | |
Zinc | Sulfate (monohydrate) | 35.5 | 100 |
Amino acid chelate | Variable | — | |
Amino acid complex | Variable | — | |
Carbonate | 56 | 100 | |
Chloride | 48 | 100 | |
Methionine | Variable | 95 to 100 | |
Polysaccharide complex | Variable | — | |
Oxide | 72 | 50 to 80 | |
Proteinate | Variable | 100 | |
Sulfate (heptahydrate) | 22.3 | 100 | |
Tetrabasic chloride | 58 | — |
aMost common sources are in bold-italic; dashes indicate no data were available
bIn research a frequently used mineral source is often assumed to be 100% bioavailable and other forms are compared based on amount that accumulates in body tissues. The mineral source listed first within each category was generally the standard with which the other sources were compared to determine relative bioavailability.
Table 8. Vitamin composition of feed ingredients for swine (as-fed basis).a | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingredient | Dry Matter (%) | Vitamin (IU/lb) | Vitamin D (IU/lb) | Vitamin E (IU/lb) | Vitamin K (IU/lb) | Ribofavin (mg/lb) | Niacin (mg/lb) | Pantothenic acid (mg/lb) | Choline (mg/lb) | Biotin (mg/lb) | Vitamin B12 (mg/lb) | Folic acid (mg/lb) | Pyridoxine (mg/lb) | Thiamin (mg/lb) |
Alfalfa meal, dehydrated | 92 | 11457 | 33.7 | 6.2 | 17 | 13.2 | 635 | 0.24 | 0 | 1.98 | 2.9 | 1.5 | ||
Bakery waste, dehydrated | 91 | 509 | — | 0.6 | 12 | 3.8 | 419 | 0.03 | 0 | 0.09 | 2.0 | 1.3 | ||
Barley, two row | 89 | 497 | 5.0 | 0.8 | 25 | 3.6 | 0 | 0.06 | 0 | 0.14 | 2.3 | 2.0 | ||
Beet pulp | 91 | 1284 | 8.9 | 0.3 | 8 | 0.6 | 371 | — | 0 | — | 0.9 | 0.2 | ||
Blood | ||||||||||||||
Cells, spray-dried | 92 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
Meal, flash-dried | 92 | — | 0.7 | 0.6 | 10 | 0.5 | 354 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 2.0 | 0.5 | ||
Meal, spray-dried | 93 | — | 0.7 | 1.5 | 10 | 1.7 | 220 | 0.13 | — | 0.18 | 2.0 | 0.1 | ||
Plasma protein, spray-dried | 91 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
Canola meal | 90 | — | 9.1 | 2.6 | 73 | 4.3 | 3039 | 0.44 | 0 | 0.38 | 3.3 | 2.4 | ||
Corn | ||||||||||||||
Distillers dried grains w/solubles (DDGS) | 89 | 423 | — | 3.9 | 34 | 6.4 | 1196 | 0.35 | 0 | 0.41 | 3.6 | 1.3 | ||
Distillers dried grains -high protein | 89 | 423 | — | 3.9 | 34 | 6.4 | 1196 | 0.35 | 0 | 0.41 | 3.6 | 1.3 | ||
Germ | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0 | — | — | — | ||||
Gluten feed | 92 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
Gluten meal, 60% CP | 92 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
Grain, yellow dent | 90 | 121 | 5.7 | 1.1 | 30 | 7.7 | 689 | 0.06 | 0 | 0.13 | 5.9 | 0.9 | ||
Grain, high nutrient | 90 | — | 4.5 | 1.0 | 25 | 1.6 | 150 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 3.1 | 0.1 | |||
Grain, high oil | 89 | 97 | 5.6 | 0.5 | 11 | 2.7 | 281 | 0.03 | — | 0.07 | 2.3 | 1.6 | ||
Grain, low-phytate | 87 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
Hominy feed | 87 | — | —- | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
Egg, spray-dried | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
Fish meal, menha- den | 92 | — | 3.4 | 2.2 | 25 | 4.1 | 1386 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.17 | 1.8 | 0.2 | ||
Flax (linseed) meal, sol. extr. | 90 | 24 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 15 | 6.7 | 686 | 0.19 | 0 | 0.59 | 2.7 | 3.4 | ||
Lactose | 96 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
Meat and bone meal (≥ 4.0% P) | 93 | — | 1.1 | 2.1 | 22 | 1.9 | 905 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.19 | 2.1 | 0.2 | ||
Meat meal (< 4% P) | 94 | — | 0.8 | 2.1 | 26 | 2.3 | 942 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.23 | 1.1 | 0.3 | ||
Millet, proso | 90 | — | — | 1.7 | 10 | 5.0 | 200 | 0.07 | 0 | 0.10 | 2.6 | 3.3 |
Table 8. Vitamin composition of feed ingredients for swine (as-fed basis).a (continued) | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingredient | Dry Matter (%) | Vitamin A (IU/lb) | Vitamin D (IU/lb) | Vitamin E (IU/lb) | Vitamin K (IU/lb) | Ribofavin (mg/lb) | Niacin (mg/lb) | Pantothenic acid (mg/lb) | Choline (mg/lb) | Biotin (mg/lb) | Vitamin B12 (mg/lb) | Folic acid (mg/lb) | Pyridoxne (mg/lb) | Thiamin (mg/lb) |
Molasses | ||||||||||||||
Beet | 76 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
Cane | 74 | — | — | 0.91 | 13 | 13 | — | 0.24 | — | 0.04 | 1.4 | 0.32 | ||
Oats | ||||||||||||||
Grain | 89 | 448 | 5.3 | 0.8 | 9 | 5.9 | 429 | 0.11 | 0 | 0.14 | 0.9 | 2.7 | ||
Groat | 90 | — | — | 0.7 | 6 | 6.1 | 517 | 0.09 | 0 | 0.23 | 0.5 | 2.9 | ||
Peas | 88 | 121 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 14 | 8.5 | 248 | 0.07 | 0 | 0.09 | 0.5 | 2.1 | ||
Rye | 88 | — | 6.1 | 0.7 | 9 | 3.6 | 190 | 0.04 | 0 | 0.27 | 1.2 | 1.6 | ||
Skim milk, dried | 96 | — | 2.8 | 8.7 | 5 | 16.5 | 632 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.21 | 1.9 | 1.7 | ||
Sorghum, grain (milo) | 89 | 0.05 | 3.4 | 0.6 | 19 | 5.6 | 303 | 0.12 | 0 | 0.08 | 2.4 | 1.4 | ||
Soybean | ||||||||||||||
Hulls | 89 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
Meal, dehulled, 47.5% CP | 90 | 24 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 10 | 6.8 | 1239 | 0.12 | 0 | 0.62 | 2.9 | 1.5 | ||
Meal, dehulled, 46.5% CP | 90 | 24 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 10 | 6.8 | 1239 | 0.12 | 0 | 0.62 | 2.9 | 1.5 | ||
Meal, 44% CP | 89 | 24 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 15 | 7.3 | 1267 | 0.12 | 0 | 0.62 | 2.7 | 2.0 | ||
Meal, enzymatically treated | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||
Meal, fermented | ||||||||||||||
Protein concentrate | 90 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
Protein isolate | 92 | — | — | 0.8 | 3 | 1.9 | 1 | 0.14 | — | 1.13 | 2.4 | 0.1 | ||
Seeds, heat processed | 90 | 230 | 12.2 | 1.2 | 10 | 6.8 | 1046 | 0.11 | 0 | 1.63 | 4.9 | 5.0 | ||
Sunflower meal, 42% CP | 90 | — | 6.2 | 1.6 | 100 | 10.9 | 1429 | 0.66 | 0 | 0.52 | 6.2 | 1.6 | ||
Triticale | 90 | — | 1.1 | 0.2 | 8 | 3 | 210 | — | — | 0.07 | — | 1.4 | ||
Wheat | ||||||||||||||
Bran | 89 | 121 | 11.2 | 2.1 | 84 | 14.1 | 559 | 0.16 | 0 | 0.29 | 5.4 | 3.6 | ||
Grain, hard red winter | 88 | 48 | 7.8 | 0.6 | 22 | 4.5 | 353 | 0.05 | 0 | 0.10 | 1.5 | 2.0 | ||
Middlings, <9.5% fiber | 89 | — | — | 1.0 | 19 | 6.0 | 696 | 0.05 | 0 | 0.36 | 2.1 | 10.3 | ||
Whey | ||||||||||||||
Dried | 96 | — | 0.2 | 12.3 | 5 | 21.3 | 826 | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.39 | 1.8 | 1.9 | ||
Permeate | 96 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
Protein concentrate, 78% CP | 94 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
aDashes indicate no data were available.
Table 9. Vitamin concentration in manufactured vitamin sources for swinea | ||
---|---|---|
Vitamin | Concentration/method of expression | Source |
Vitamin A | 1 IU = 0.3 μg retinol or 0.344 μg vitamin A acetate or 1 USP unit | Vitamin A acetate (all-trans retinyl acetate) |
1 IU = 0.55 μg vitamin A palmitate | Vitamin A palmitate | |
1 IU = 0.36 μg vitamin A propionate | Vitamin A propionate | |
Vitamin D | 1 IU = 0.025 μg cholecalciferol or 1 USP unit or 1 ICU | Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) |
Vitamin E | 1 mg = IU dl-α-tocopheryl acetate | dl-α-tocopheryl acetate (all rac) |
1 mg = 1.36 IU d-α-tocopheryl acetate | d-α-tocopheryl acetate (RRR) | |
1 mg = 1.11 IU dl-α-tocopherol | dl-α-tocopherol (all rac) | |
1 mg = 1.49 IU d-α-tocopherol | d-α-tocopherol (RRR) | |
Vitamin K | 1 Ansbacher unit = 20 Dam units = 0.0008 mg menadione | Menadione sodium bisulfite (MSB) |
Menadione nicotinamide bisulfite (MNB) | ||
Menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite (MPB) | ||
Riboflavin | Commonly expressed as μg or mg | Crystalline riboflavin |
Niacin | Commonly expressed as μg or mg | Niacinamide |
Nicotinic acid | ||
Pantothenic acid | Commonly expressed as μg or mg | d-calcium pantothenate |
dl-calcium pantothenate | ||
dl-calcium pantothenate – calcium chloride complex | ||
Choline | Commonly expressed as μg or mg | Choline chloride |
Biotin | Commonly expressed as μg or mg | d-biotin |
Vitamin B12 | 1μg cyanocobalamin or 1 USP unit or 11,000 LLD (L. lactis Dorner) units |
Cyanocobalamin |
Folic acid | Commonly expressed as μg or mg | Folic acid |
Pyridoxine | Commonly expressed as μg or mg | Pyridoxine hydrochloride |
Thiamin | Commonly expressed as μg or mg | Thiamin mononitrate |
Thiamin hydrochloride | ||
Vitamin C | Commonly expressed as μg or mg | L-ascorbic acid |
L-ascorbic acid phosphate | ||
L-ascorbic acid coated with ethyl cellulose |
aMost common sources are in bold-italic.
Table 10. Recommended upper limits of usage (% of the diet) for feed ingredients in swine diets. An * denotes no nutritional limitations in a balanced dietab | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of diet | Nursery | Nursery | Grower | Finisher | Gestation | Lactation |
Body weight, lb | < 25 | 25 to 45 | 45 to 130 | 130 to 315 | ||
Alfalfa meal, dehydrated | 0 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 25 | 0 |
Bakery waste, dehydrated | 15 | 25 | * | * | * | * |
Barley, two row (48 lb/bushel) | * | * | * | * | * | * |
Beet pulp | 0 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 50 | 10 |
Blood | ||||||
Cells, spray-dried | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Meal, flash-dried | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Meal, spray-dried | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Plasma protein, spray dried | * | * | * | * | * | * |
Canola meal | 0 | 5 | 15 | 20 | 15 | 15 |
Corn | ||||||
Distillers dried grains w/solubles (DDGS) | 10 | 20 | 30 | 20 | 40 | 20 |
Distillers dried grains-high protein | 10 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 30 | 15 |
Germ | 10 | 20 | 20 | 10 | 30 | 20 |
Gluten feed | 5 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 40 | 10 |
Gluten meal, 60% CP | 5 | 10 | 20 | 20 | 30 | 10 |
Grain, yellow dent (>40 lb/bushel) | * | * | * | * | * | * |
Grain, high nutrient | * | * | * | * | * | * |
Grain, high oil | * | * | * | 30 | * | * |
Grain, low-phytate | * | * | * | * | * | * |
Hominy feed | 0 | 20 | 60 | 30 | 60 | 60 |
Egg, spray-dried | 10 | * | * | * | * | * |
Fish meal, menhaden | 15 | 20 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 6 |
Flax (linseed) meal, sol. extr. | 3 | 15 | 15 | 15 | 20 | 10 |
Lactose | * | * | 20 | 20 | 20 | 20 |
Meat and bone meal, 50% CP | 5 | 10 | * | * | * | * |
Meat meal, 55% CP | 5 | 10 | * | * | * | * |
Millet, proso | 40 | 40 | * | * | * | 40 |
Molasses | ||||||
Beet | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Cane | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Oats | ||||||
Grain (38 lb/bushel) | 15 | 30 | 35 | 40 | * | 10 |
Groat | * | * | * | * | * | * |
Peas | 15 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 15 | 25 |
Rye (ergot free) | 0 | 10 | 25 | 35 | 20 | 10 |
Skim milk, dried | * | * | * | * | * | * |
Sorghum, grain (milo) (> 48 lb/bushel) | * | * | * | * | * | * |
Table 10. Recommended upper limits of usage (% of the diet) for feed ingredients in swine diets. An * denotes no nutritional limitations in a balanced dietab (continued) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type of diet | Nursery | Nursery | Grower | Finisher | Gestation | Lactation |
Body weight, lb | < 25 | 25 to 45 | 45 to 130 | 130 to 315 | ||
Soybean | ||||||
Hulls | 5 | 5 | 10 | 10 | 25 | 5 |
Meal, dehulled, 47.5% CP | 15 | * | * | * | * | * |
Meal, dehulled, 46.5% CP | 15 | * | * | * | * | * |
Meal, 44% CP | 15 | * | * | * | * | * |
Meal, enzymatically treated | 15 | * | * | * | * | * |
Meal, fermented | 15 | * | * | * | * | * |
Protein concentrate | 20 | * | * | * | * | * |
Protein isolate | * | * | * | * | * | * |
Seeds, heat processed | 5 | * | * | 15 | * | * |
Sunflower meal, 42% CP | 0 | 5 | * | * | * | * |
Triticale (ergot free) | 20 | 30 | * | * | * | 40 |
Wheat | ||||||
Bran | 0 | 5 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 10 |
Grain, hard red winter (> 55 lb/bushel) | * | * | * | * | * | * |
Middlings, <9.5% fiber | 5 | 10 | 25 | 35 | * | 10 |
Whey | ||||||
Dried | 40 | 30 | 20 | 15 | 5 | 5 |
Permeate | 30 | 25 | 20 | 15 | 5 | 5 |
Protein concentrate 78%CP | * | * | * | * | * | * |
aAssumes diets are balanced for energy, essential amino acids, minerals and vitamins.
bHigher levels may be fed although growth and reproductive performance and carcass composition and quality may be negatively impacted. Economic considerations should influence actual inclusion rates.
Summary
A balanced swine diet contains all the known nutrients pigs require for optimum performance. Accurate knowledge of the energy and nutrient content of feed ingredients is an important aspect of sound diet formulation.The information contained within this publication is intended to aid in formulating balanced swine diets.
References
1. Johnston, L. 1993. Use of low-test-weight corn in swine diets and the lysine/protein relationship in corn. J. Swine Health Prod. 3:161-164.
Table 1
Adedokun, SA., and O. Adeola. 2005. Metabolizable energy value of meat and bone meal for pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 83:2519-2526.
AOCS. 1998. Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the AOCS. 5th ed. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc., Champaign, IL.
Batal, A. and N. Dale. 2008. Feedstuffs Ingredient AnalysisTable. Miller Publishing Co., Minnetonka, MN.
Bohlke, RA., RC.Thaler, and HH. Stein. 2005. Calcium, phosphorus and amino acid digestibility in low-phytate corn, normal corn, and soybean meal by growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 83:2396-2403.
BrazilianTables for Poultry and Swine. 2005. Composition of feedstuffs and Nutritional Requirements, 2nd edition.
Christensen, KD. 1962. Foderfedtets indflydelse pa smorrets og flaeskets kvalitet. Thesis, Kgl. Vet.- og Landbohojsk., Kobenhavn, 88 pp (Danish).
CVB. 2008. CVB table booklet feeding of pigs. Feeding standards, feeding advices and nutritional values of feed ingredients. CVB series no. 44. Product Board Animal Feed,The Hague,The Netherlands.
EvaPig®, 2008. Evaluation of feeds. J. Noblet (INRA, UMR SENAH), A. Valancogne (INRA, UMR SENAH), G.Tran (AFZ) and AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S; version 1.0.2.0; http://www.evapig.com/x-home-en
Ewing, W.N. (1997)The Feeds Directory. p. 3. Context Publications, Leicestershire.
Gottlob, RO., JM. DeRouchey, MD.Tokach, RD. Goodband, SS. Dritz, JL. Nelssen, CW. Hastad and DA. Knabe. 2006. Amino acid and energy digestibility of protein sources for growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 84:1396-1402.
Gottlob, RO., JM. DeRouchey, MD.Tokach, JL. Nelssen, RD. Goodband and SS. Dritz. 2007. Comparison of whey protein concentrate and spray-dried plasma protein in diets for weanling pigs.The Professional Animal Scientist 23:116-122.
Grinstead, GS., RD. Goodband, SS. Dritz, MD.Tokach, JL. Nelsson, JC. Woodworth, and M. Molitor. 2000. Effects of a whey protein product and spray-dried animal plasma on growth performance of weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 647-657.
HamletProtein. 2009. HP 300 pigfeed optimization data. Available at http://www.hamletprotein.com/img/pdf/DS300P01GB15.pdf. Accessed 5/18/09.
Harmon BG., M. Latour, and S. Norberg. 2002. Sprayed dried eggs as a source of immune globlins for SEW pigs. Purdue Univ. Swine Research Report.
Hastad, CW., MD.Tokach, RD. Goodband, JL. Nelssen, SS. Dritz, JM. DeRouchey, and CL. Jones. 2005. Comparison of yellow dent and NutriDense corn hybrids in swine diets. J. Anim. Sci. 83:2624-2631.
INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique). 2004.Tables of composition and nutritional value of feed materials, Sauvant, D., J-M. Perez and G.Tran, Eds. Wageningen Academic Publishers,The Netherlands and INRA, Paris, France.
Jacela, JY., JM. DeRouchey, SS. Dritz, MD.Tokach, RD. Goodband, JL. Nelssen, and RC. Sulabo. 2008. Amino acid and energy digestibility of two different sources of soy hulls for swine. J. Anim. Sci 86 (Suppl. 2): (Abstr.).
LaCount, D.W., Drakley, J.K., Cicela,T.M. and Clark, J.H. (1995) High oil corn as silage or grain for dairy cattle during an entire lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 78:1745-1754.
Linneen, SK., JM. DeRouchey, RD. Goodband, MD.Tokach, SS. Dritz, JL. Nelssen, and JL. Snow. 2008. Evaluation of NutriDense lowphytate corn and added fat in growing and finishing swine diets. J. Anim. Sci. 86:1556-1561.
Noblet, J., H. Fortune, XS. Shi, and S. Dubois. 1994. Prediction of net energy value of feeds for growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 72:344–354.
Novus (1994) Raw Material Compendium. 2nd ed. Novus International, Inc., Brussels.
NRC. 1988. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 9th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Nutraferma. 2009. Product specifications, PepSoyGen®. Available online at www.nutraferma.com. Accessed 5/16/09.
Olukosi, OA., and O. Adeola. 2009. Estimation of the metabolizable energy content of meat and bone meal for swine. J. Anim. Sci. 87:2590-2599.
Pahm, SC., and HH. Stein. 2007. Amino acid digestibility of protein sources fed to weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 85 (Suppl. 2):105 (Abstr.)
Pahm, SC., and HH. Stein. 2007. Ileal amino acid digestibility of a new high protein variety of soybeans fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 85 (Suppl. 2):84 (Abstr.).
Patience, J.F, P.A.Thacker, and C.F.M. de Lange. 1995. Swine Nutrition guide, 2nd edition. Prairie Swine Centre, Saskatoon.
Pedersen, C., MG. Boersma, and HH. Stein. 2007. Digestibility of energy and phosphorus in ten samples of distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 85:1168-1176.
Pedersen, C., MG. Boersma, and HH. Stein. 2007. Energy and nutrient digestibility in NurtiDense corn and other cereal grains fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 85:2473-2483.
Skiba, F., Calla, P., Jondreville, C. 2004. Inter- and intra- raw material variations of phosphorus digestibility in several cereals and peas for growing pigs. Porcherie-verte. INRA. Available Online http://www.inra.fr/porcherie-verte/colloque_mai/pv-abstract-poster-cd/ p19bis-S3-PV-Skiba1.pdf. Accessed April 13 2009.
Spiehs, MJ., MH. Whitney, and GC. Shurson. 2002. Nutrient database for distiller’s dried grains with solubles from new ethanol plants in Minnesota and South Dakota. J. Anim. Sci 80:2639-2645.
Stein, HH., G. Benzoni, RA. Bohlke and DN. Peters. 2004. Assessment of the feeding value of South Dakota-grown field peas (Pisum sativum L.) for growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 82:2568-2578.
Stein, HH. 2007. Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets fed to swine. Swine Focus #001, University of Illinois.
Widmer, MR., LM. McGinnis and HH. Stein. 2007. Energy, phosphorus, and amino acid digestibility of high-protein distillers dried grains and corn germ fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 85:2994-3003.
Widmer, MR., LM. McGinnis, DM. Wulf and HH. Stein. 2008. Effects of feeding distillers dried grains with solubles, high-protein distillers dried grains, and corn germ to growing-finishing pigs on pig performance, carcass quality, and the palatability of pork.. J. Anim. Sci 86:1819-1831.
Stein. HH., AKR. Everts, KK. Sweeter, DN. Peters, RJ. Maddock, DM. Wulf, and C. Pedersen. 2006.The influence of dietary field peas (Pisum sativum L.) on pig performance, carcass quality, and the palatability of pork. J. Anim. Sci 84:3110-3117.
References for iodine values
Banas A., H. Dexbski, W. Banas, WK. Heneen, A. Dahlqvist, M. Bafor, PO. Gummeson, S. Marttila, A. Ekman, AS. Carlsson, and S. Stymne. 2007. Lipids in grain tissues of oat (Avena sativa): differences in content, time of deposition, and fatty acid composition.. J. Exp. Botany. 58: 2463 – 2470.
EngleTE., V. Fellner, and JW. Spears. 2001. Copper status, serum cholesterol, and milk fatty acid profile in holstein cows fed varying concentrations of copper. J. Dairy Sci. 84:2308–2313.
Feoli, C. Unpublished research.
Hassan Abdullah Mohammed S. Al-Kahtani. 1985. Some biochemical and microbiological changes in proso millet flour during storage. MAThesis.
NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press Washington, DC.
Ribeiro, DM., SKR. Karnati, and ML. Eastridge. 2005. Biohydrogenation of fatty acids and digestibility of fresh alfalfa or alfalfa hay plus sucrose in continuous culture. J. Dairy Sci. 88:4007–4017.
Ryan, E., K. Galvin,TP. O’Connor, AR. Maguire, and NM. O’Brien. 2007. Phytosterol, squalene, tocopherol content and fatty acid profile of selected seeds, grains, and legumes. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 62:85–91.
USDA national nutrient database for standard reference. Release 20. 2007. Available at: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/SR20/reports/sr20fg20.pdf. Accessed Aug. 15, 2008.
Table 2
Adedokun, SA., and O. Adeola. 2005. Metabolizable energy value of meat and bone meal for pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 83:2519-2526.
AminoDat. Version 3.0. 2005. Evonik-Degussa.
Batal, A. and N. Dale. 2008. Feedstuffs Ingredient AnalysisTable. Miller Publishing Co., Minnetonka, MN.
Bohlke, RA., RC.Thaler, and HH. Stein. 2005. Calcium, phosphorus and amino acid digestibility in low-phytate corn, normal corn, and soybean meal by growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 83:2396-2403.
BrazilianTables for Poultry and Swine. 2005. Composition of feedstuffs and Nutritional requirements, 2nd edition.
Cervantes-Pahm, SK., and HH. Stein. 2008. Effect of soybean oil and soybean protein concentration on the concentration of digestible amino acids in soybean products fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 86:1841.
EvaPig®, 2008. Evaluation of feeds. J. Noblet (INRA, UMR SENAH), A. Valancogne (INRA, UMR SENAH), G.Tran (AFZ) and AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S; version 1.0.2.0; http://www.evapig.com/x-home-en
Gottlob, RO., JM. DeRouchey, MD.Tokach, RD. Goodband, SS. Dritz, JL. Nelssen, CW. Hastad and DA. Knabe. 2006. Amino acid and energy digestibility of protein sources for growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 84:1396-1402.
Gottlob, RO., JM. DeRouchey, MD.Tokach, JL. Nelssen, RD. Goodband and SS. Dritz. 2007. Comparison of whey protein concentrate and spray-dried plasma protein in diets for weanling pigs.The Professional Animal Scientist 23:116-122.
Hastad, CW., MD.Tokach, RD. Goodband, JL. Nelssen, SS. Dritz, JM. DeRouchey, and CL. Jones. 2005. Comparison of yellow dent and NutriDense corn hybrids in swine diets. J. Anim. Sci. 83:2624-2631.
INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique). 2004.Tables of composition and nutritional value of feed materials, Sauvant, D., J-M. Perez and G.Tran, Eds. Wageningen Academic Publishers,The Netherlands and INRA, Paris, France.
Jacela, JY., JM. DeRouchey, SS. Dritz, MD.Tokach, RD. Goodband, JL. Nelssen, and RC. Sulabo. 2008. Amino acid and energy digestibility of two different sources of soy hulls for swine. J. Anim. Sci 86 (Suppl. 2): (Abstr.).
Linneen, SK., JM. DeRouchey, RD. Goodband, MD.Tokach, SS. Dritz, JL. Nelssen, and JL. Snow. 2008. Evaluation of NutriDense lowphytate corn and added fat in growing and finishing swine diets. J. Anim. Sci. 86:1556-1561.
Mateo, CD., and HH. Stein. 2007. Apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in yeast extract and spray dried plasma protein by weanling pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 87:381-383.
NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Olukosi, OA., and O. Adeola. 2009. Estimation of the metabolizable energy content of meat and bone meal for swine. J. Anim. Sci. 87:2590-2599.
Pahm, SC., and HH. Stein. 2007. Amino acid digestibility of protein sources fed to weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 85 (Suppl. 2):105 (Abstr.)
Pahm, SC., and HH. Stein. 2007. Ileal amino acid digestibility of a new high protein variety of soybeans fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 85 (Suppl. 2):84 (Abstr.).
Patience, J.F, P.A.Thacker, and C.F.M. de Lange. 1995. Swine Nutrition guide, 2nd edition. Prairie Swine Centre, Saskatoon.
Pedersen, C., MG. Boersma, and HH. Stein. 2007. Digestibility of energy and phosphorus in ten samples of distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 85:1168-1176.
Pedersen, C., MG. Boersma, and HH. Stein. 2007. Digestibility of energy and phosphorus in ten samples of distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 85:1168-1176.
Rayadurg, V. 2005. Factors affecting nutrient digestibility in weanling and growing pigs. Ph.D. dissertation. South Dakota State University, Brookings SD.
Spiehs, MJ., MH. Whitney, and GC. Shurson. 2002. Nutrient database for distiller’s dried grains with solubles from new ethanol plants in Minnesota and South Dakota. J. Anim. Sci 80:2639-2645.
Stein, HH., G. Benzoni, RA. Bohlke and DN. Peters. 2004. Assessment of the feeding value of South Dakota-grown field peas (Pisum sativum L.) for growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 82:2568-2578.
Stein. HH., AKR. Everts, KK. Sweeter, DN. Peters, RJ. Maddock, DM. Wulf, and C. Pedersen. 2006.The influence of dietary field peas (Pisum sativum L.) on pig performance, carcass quality, and the palatability of pork. J. Anim. Sci 84:3110-3117.
Stein, HH. 2007. Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets fed to swine. Swine Focus #001, University of Illinois.
Stein, HH., B. Seve, M. F. Fuller, P. J. Moughan and C. F. M. de Lange. 2007. Invited review: Amino acid bioavailabilty and digestibility in pig feed ingredients:Terminology and application. J. Anim. Sci. 85:172-180.
Van KempenTATG., IB. Kim, AJM. Jansman, MWA. Verstegen, JD. Hancock, DJ. Lees, VM. Gabert, DM. Albin, GC. Fahey, Jr., C M. Grieshop, and D. Mahan. 2002. Regional and processor variation in the ileal digestible amino acid content of soybean meals measured in growing swine. J. Anim. Sci. 80:429-439.
Widmer, MR., LM. McGinnis and HH. Stein. 2007. Energy, phosphorus, and amino acid digestibility of high-protein distillers dried grains and corn germ fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 85:2994-3003.
Widmer, MR., LM. McGinnis, DM. Wulf and HH. Stein. 2008. Effects of feeding distillers dried grains with solubles, high-protein distillers dried grains, and corn germ to growing-finishing pigs on pig performance, carcass quality, and the palatability of pork.. J. Anim. Sci 86:1819-1831.
Table 3
ADM. Specially feed ingredients. Available at: http://www.adm.com/en-US/products/feed/specialty/Pages/default.aspx. Accessed May 2008.
Ajinomoto. Advancing the science of amino acids. Available at: http://www.ajiaminoscience.com/Products/L-AminoAcids.aspx. Accessed May 2008
EvaPig®, 2008. Evaluation of feeds. J. Noblet (INRA, UMR SENAH), A. Valancogne (INRA, UMR SENAH), G.Tran (AFZ) and AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S; version 1.0.2.0; http://www.evapig.com/x-home-en
Evonik-Degussa.Title. Available at: http://www.aminoacidsandmore.com/default.cfm?activity=Contents&eVent=ShowContent&tree ID=198. Accessed May 2008.
INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique). 2004.Tables of composition and nutritional value of feed materials, Sauvant, D., J-M. Perez and G.Tran, Eds. Wageningen Academic Publishers,The Netherlands and INRA, Paris, France.
Table 4
Lammers, PJ., BJ. Kerr,TE. Weber, WA. Dozier, III, MT. Kidd, K. Bregendahl, and MS. Honeyman. 2008. Digestible and metabolizable energy of crude glycerol for growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 86:602-608.
Noblet, J., H. Fortune, XS. Shi, and S. Dubois. 1994. Prediction of net energy value of feeds for growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 72:344–354.
NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Table 5
Adedokun, SA., and O. Adeola. 2005. Metabolizable energy value of meat and bone meal for pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 83:2519-2526.
Batal, A. and N. Dale. 2008. Feedstuffs Ingredient AnalysisTable. Miller Publishing Co., Minnetonka, MN.
BrazilianTables for Poultry and Swine. 2005. Composition of feedstuffs and Nutritional requirements, 2nd edition.
Cromwell, GL. 2007. Biological availability of the phosphorus in feedstuffs for pigs. Personal communication.
Cromwell, GL., GM. Hill, DC. Mahan, GC. Shurson, andTL. Ward. 1999. Mineral composition of spray-dried animal plasma and spraydried blood cells. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):61 (abstr.).
Gottlob, RO., JM. DeRouchey, MD.Tokach, RD. Goodband, SS. Dritz, JL. Nelssen, CW. Hastad and DA. Knabe. 2006. Amino acid and energy digestibility of protein sources for growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 84:1396-1402.
Hastad, CW., MD.Tokach, RD. Goodband, JL. Nelssen, SS. Dritz, JM. DeRouchey, and CL. Jones. 2005. Comparison of yellow dent and NutriDense corn hybrids in swine diets. J. Anim. Sci. 83:2624-2631.
Holden, PJ. and ME. Ensminger. 2006. Swine Science. Pages 496-526. 7th ed. Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique). 2004.Tables of composition and nutritional value of feed materials, Sauvant, D., J-M. Perez and G.Tran, Eds. Wageningen Academic Publishers,The Netherlands and INRA, Paris, France.
Kerr, BJ., CJ. Ziemer,TE. Weber, SL.Trabue, BL.Bearson, GC. Shurson, and MH. Whitney. 2008. Comparative sulfur analysis using thermal combustion or inductively coupled plasma methodology and mineral composition of common livestock feedstuffs. J. Anim. Sci 86:2377-2384.
NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Nutraferma. 2009. Product specifications, PepSoyGen®. Available online at www.nutraferma.com. Accessed 5/16/09.
Olukosi, OA., and O. Adeola. 2009. Estimation of the metabolizable energy content of meat and bone meal for swine. J. Anim. Sci. 87:2590-2599.
Patience, J.F, P.A.Thacker, and C.F.M. de Lange. 1995. Swine Nutrition guide, 2nd edition. Prairie Swine Centre, Saskatoon.
Pedersen, C., MG. Boersma, and HH. Stein. 2007. Digestibility of energy and phosphorus in ten samples of distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 85:1168-1176.
Petersen, GI., and HH. Stein. 2006. Novel procedure for estimating endogenous losses and measurement of apparent and true digestibility of phosphorus by growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 84:2126-2132.
Pedersen, C., MG. Boersma, and HH. Stein. 2007. Energy and nutrient digestibility in NurtiDense corn and other cereal grains fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 85:2473-2483.
Spiehs, MJ., MH. Whitney, and GC. Shurson. 2002. Nutrient database for distiller’s dried grains with solubles from new ethanol plants in Minnesota and South Dakota. J. Anim. Sci 80:2639-2645.
Stein, HH. 2007. Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets fed to swine. Swine Focus #001, University of Illinois.
Stein, HH., MG. Boersma and C. Pedersen. 2006. Apparent and true total tract digestibility of phosphorus in field peas (Pisum sativum L.) by growing pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 86:523-525.
Stein. HH., AKR. Everts, KK. Sweeter, DN. Peters, RJ. Maddock, DM. Wulf, and C. Pedersen. 2006.The influence of dietary field peas (Pisum sativum L.) on pig performance, carcass quality, and the palatability of pork. J. Anim. Sci 84:3110-3117.
Widmer, MR., LM. McGinnis and HH. Stein. 2007. Energy, phosphorus, and amino acid digestibility of high-protein distillers dried grains and corn germ fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 85:2994-3003.
Widmer, MR., LM. McGinnis, DM. Wulf and HH. Stein. 2008. Effects of feeding distillers dried grains with solubles, high-protein distillers dried grains, and corn germ to growing-finishing pigs on pig performance, carcass quality, and the palatability of pork.. J. Anim. Sci 86:1819-1831.
Table 6
Cromwell, GL. 2007. Biological availability of the phosphorus in feedstuffs for pigs. Personal communication.
Holden, PJ. and ME. Ensminger. 2006. Swine Science. Pages 496-526. 7th ed. Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique). 2004.Tables of composition and nutritional value of feed materials, Sauvant, D., J-M. Perez and G.Tran, Eds. Wageningen Academic Publishers,The Netherlands and INRA, Paris, France.
Kerr, BJ., CJ. Ziemer,TE. Weber, SL.Trabue, BL.Bearson, GC. Shurson, and MH. Whitney. 2008. Comparative sulfur analysis using thermal combustion or inductively coupled plasma methodology and mineral composition of common livestock feedstuffs. J. Anim. Sci 86:2377-2384.
NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Petersen, GI., and HH. Stein. 2006. Novel procedure for estimating endogenous losses and measurement of apparent and true digestibility of phosphorus by growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 84:2126-2132.
Table 7
Ammerman, CB., Baker, DH, and Lewis, AJ. 1995. Bioavailability of nutrients for animals. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
Batal, A. and N. Dale. 2008. Feedstuffs Ingredient AnalysisTable. Miller Publishing Co., Minnetonka, MN.
INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique). 2004.Tables of composition and nutritional value of feed materials, Sauvant, D., J-M. Perez and G.Tran, Eds. Wageningen Academic Publishers,The Netherlands and INRA, Paris, France.
Lindemann, MD., GL. Cromwell, HJ. Monegue and KW. Purser. 2008. Effect of chromium source on tissue concentration of chromium for pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 86:2971-2978.
NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Table 8
INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique). 2004.Tables of composition and nutritional value of feed materials, Sauvant, D., J-M. Perez and G.Tran, Eds. Wageningen Academic Publishers,The Netherlands and INRA, Paris, France.
NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
Frequently asked questions
Does low protein corn have a lower feeding value than normal corn?
The relationship between the crude protein concentration and lysine concentration of corn is poor [1]. Thus, corn containing 7 to 7.5% CP may have the same amount of lysine as 8.5% CP corn.The lack of a good correlation between corn crude protein and lysine concentration indicates that one should not automatically increase the amount of protein supplement or crystalline lysine in the diet when using low protein corn. It is best to analyze the corn for lysine for more accurate diet formulation.
The previous information relates to lysine, the most limiting amino acid in grain/soybean meal-based diets.There is a better correlation between corn protein content and the concentration of most other amino acids.Thus, it is important be aware of the impact of low protein on the concentration of those amino acids in the diet and supplement if necessary.
How can the standardized ileal digestible amino acid concentration of a feedstuff be calculated?
Only a certain proportion of each of the amino acids in a feedstuff is digested and absorbed by pigs. Standardized ileal digestibility (SID) coefficients for major amino acids in many feedstuffs are shown inTable 2. To calculate the SID amino acid concentration of a feedstuff, multiply the total quantity of the amino acid in the feedstuff by its SID coefficient. For example, the SID lysine concentration of DDGS containing 0.76% lysine is 0.47% (0.76 x 0.62). It is especially important to formulate diets on a digestible amino acid basis when nontraditional or byproduct ingredients are used in feed; otherwise, pigs may not perform as expected.