Composition and Usage Rate of Feed Ingredients for Swine Diets

Proper diet formulation involves having accurate knowledge of the nutrient requirements of the pig and information about the energy and nutrient composition of available feed ingredients. In addition, it is important to realize that some feed ingredients possess inherent factors that will decrease pig growth and reproductive performance and/or impact carcass composition and quality if fed in excess.
Objectives

To present the energy and nutrient composition of feed ingredients
To provide upper limits of usage for feed ingredients

Explanations

Individual ingredients can vary widely in composition because of the variation in species or variety, storage conditions, climate, soil moisture, agronomic differences and manufacturing practices. Variations in chemical analytical procedures can also affect the values obtained.Therefore, the values listed in this publication should be used as a guide in formulating diets. Otherwise, rely on ingredient analyses as necessary prior to diet formulation.

Most of the tabular information contained herein was obtained from the NRC (1998). Information published since the NRC (1998) was also included. An attempt was made to include analytical results of feed ingredients obtained from contemporary crop cultivars, newer processing techniques, and improved analytical procedures.

Net energy

The net energy (NE) value for approximately 40% of the ingredients inTable 1 was obtained from EvaPig (2008); for other ingredients, net energy was calculated from one of the following equations where ME = metabolizable energy, EE = ether extract, ST = starch, CP = crude protein, CF = crude fiber and ADF = acid detergent fiber. Equation NE1 was used when values for EE, ST, CP and ADF were known or could be reasonably estimated. When ADF was not available, equation NE2 was used to estimate NE.

NE1 = 0.726 x ME + 1.33 x EE + 0.39 x ST – 0.62 x CP – 0.83 x ADF (R2 = 0.97; Noblet et al., 1994)

NE2 = 0.730 x ME + 1.31 x EE + 0.37 x ST – 0.67 x CP – 0.97 x CF (R2 = 0.97; Noblet et al., 1994)

The net energy value for fats and oils (Table 4) was calculated by multiplying ME by 0.90, the estimated efficiency with which fat is converted from ME to NE (INRA, 2004).

Iodine value and iodine product
Due to carcass fat quality concerns when feeding high levels of dietary unsaturated fat, both iodine value (IV) and iodine value product (IVP) are listed for each ingredient. The iodine value for each ingredient reflects the fat saturation level of each ingredient. A lower iodine value indicates a higher degree of fat saturation in the ingredient. Iodine value product is the value assigned to each ingredient that accounts for its IV and percentage fat it contains. Once calculated, IVP can be used to help predict the carcass fat IV of pigs fed those diets. Iodine values for available ingredients were obtained from the NRC (1998). For ingredients not listed in the NRC (1998), fatty acid profiles were obtained from cited references from which iodine values were calculated using the following equation:

IV = [C16:1] × 0.95 + [C18:1] × 0.86 + [C18:2] × 1.732 + [C18:3] × 2.616 + [C20:1] × 0.785 + [C22:1] × 0.723, where the brackets indicate concentration (percentage) of the fatty acid (AOCS, 1998).

Iodine value product for each ingredient was calculated using the following equation:

IVP = IV of the ingredient oil × % oil in the ingredient × 0.10 (Christensen, 1962).

Ingredient usage rate

The upper limits of usage presented in this factsheet represent conservative estimates of the extent ingredients can be included in swine diets balanced for energy, amino acids, minerals and vitamins and not negatively impact growth and reproductive performance and/or carcass composition. We acknowledge that establishing upper limits of usage is greatly dependent on individual risk tolerance. Also, situations exist were it is economically justified to increase the inclusion rate of an ingredient even if performance is negatively impacted.

In general, factors such as palatability, risk of gastrointestinal disturbance, unspecified loss of performance, appetite impairment and others that are involved in affecting growth and reproductive performance and/or carcass composition were considered in establishing the upper limits of usage indicated in this factsheet.

Table 1. Chemical composition of feed ingredients for swine (as-fed basis).^a
Ingredient	Dry Matter %	Digestible energy kcal/lb	Metabolizable energy kcal/lb	Net Energy kcal/lb<	Crude protein %	Acid detergent fiber %	Neutral detergent fiber %	Crude fiber %	Starch %	Crude fat %	Linoleic acid %	Iodine value	Iodine value product
Alfalfa meal, dehydrated	92	830	750	398	17.0	30.2	41.2	24.0	0	2.6	0.35	100	26.0
Bakery waste, dehydrated	91	1787	1682	1349	10.8	1.3	2.0	1.2	53.7	11.3	5.70	125	141.3
Barley, two row	89	1383	1322	1034	11.3	6.2	18.0	5.0	52.2	1.9	0.88	125	23.8
Beet pulp	91	1300	1134	671	8.6	24.3	42.4	18.2	0	0.8	0.04	1	0.1
Blood
Cells, spray-dried	92	1996	1900	1115	92.0	—	—	0.5	0	1.5	—	44	7.0
Meal, flash-dried	92	1043	886	386	87.6	—	—	1.0	0	1.6	—	44	7.0
Meal, spray-dried	93	1529	1338	710	88.8	—	—	1.0	0	1.3	0.17	44	6.0
Plasma protein, spray-dried	91	2066	1809	1094	78.0	—	—	0.2	0	2.0	—	44	8.0
Canola meal	90	1309	1200	687	35.6	17.2	21.2	11.1	0	3.5	0.42	118	41.3
Corn
Distillers dried grains w/solubles (DDGS)	88	649	1552	1076	27.4	12.2	30.5	7.7	7.3	9.9	2.15	125	123.8
Distillers dried grains -high protein	90	1997	1876	1252	41.8	8.7	16.4	7.2	11.2	3.4	—	125	42.5
Germ	91	1665	1618	1259	14.8	5.6	20.4	6.2	23.6	17.5	—	125	218.8
Gluten feed	90	1356	1184	740	21.5	10.7	33.3	6.8	18.0	3.0	1.43	125	37.5
Gluten meal, 60% CP	90	1920	1741	1122	60.2	4.6	8.7	1.1	17.2	2.9	1.17	125	36.3
Grain, yellow dent	89	1602	1555	1203	8.3	2.8	9.6	2.3	64.1	3.9	1.92	125	48.8
Grain, high nutrient	87	1580	1662	1273	9.2	2.3	6.3	2.3	58.0	4.5	—	125	56.3
Grain, high oil	87	1697	1629	1291	8.4	2.9	—	2.0	60.3	6.0	—	125	75.0
Grain, low-phytate	88	1697	1629	1286	9.2	2.8	—	2.2	64.1	4.4	—	125	55.0
Hominy feed	90	1522	1459	1104	10.3	8.1	28.5	5.0	36.0	6.7	2.97	125	83.8
Egg, spray-dried	—	2380	2285	1696	47.0	0	—	—	0	28	—	71	198.8
Fish meal, menhaden	92	1710	1527	994	62.3	—	—	0.9	0	9.4	0.12	110	103.4
Flax (linseed) meal, sol. extr.	90	1388	1229	793	33.6	15.0	23.9	9.8	0	1.8	0.36	169	30.4
Lactose	96	1602	1561	1447	0.3	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Meat and bone meal (≥ 4.0% P)	96	1432	1249	798	52.8	5.6	32.5	2.4	0	10.1	0.72	70	76.3
Meat meal (< 4% P)	96	1507	1328	842	56.4	8.3	31.6	2.3	0	11.2	0.80	70	84.0
Millet, proso	90	1370	1340	1004	11.1	13.8	15.8	6.1	52.8	3.5	1.92	135	47.3

Table 1. Chemical composition of feed ingredients for swine (as-fed basis).^a (continued)
Ingredient	Dry Matter %	Digestible energy kcal/lb	Metabolizable energy kcal/lb	Net Energy kcal/lb	Crude protein %	Acid detergent fiber %	Neutral detergent fiber %	Crude fiber %	Starch %	Crude fat %	Linoleic acid %	Iodine value	Iodine value product
Molasses
Beet	76	1093	1060	716	11.0	—	—	0	0	0.2	—	1	0
Cane	74	1044	1011	697	4.0	—	—	0	0	1.1	—	1	0.1
Oats
Grain	89	1256	1232	861	11.5	13.5	27.0	10.7	36.2	4.7	1.62	106	49.8
Groat	90	1674	1575	1218	13.9	4.6	11.6	2.5	52.6	6.2	2.40	106	65.7
Peas	88	1580	1500	1082	22.0	8.2	13.7	5.5	44.6	1.2	0.47	135	16.2
Rye	88	1483	1390	1070	11.8	4.6	12.3	2.2	53.8	1.6	0.76	131	21.0
Skim milk, dried	96	1809	1689	1232	34.6	—	—	0.2	0	0.9	0.01	27	2.4
Sorghum, grain (milo)	89	1536	1518	1187	9.2	8.3	18.0	2.2	64.1	2.9	1.13	116	33.6
Soybean
Hulls	89	908	848	453	12.0	40.4	56.4	34.2	0.9	2.2	0.16	130	28.6
Meal, dehulled, 47.5% CP	90	1672	1536	907	47.5	5.4	8.9	3.4	0.8	3.0	0.60	130	39.0
Meal, dehulled, 46.5% CP	90	1651	1517	894	46.5	6.4	10.2	4.4	0.8	3.0	0.59	130	39.0
Meal, 44% CP	89	1586	1445	881	44.0	9.4	13.3	7.3	0.8	1.5	0.69	130	19.5
Meal, enzymatically treated	92	—	—	—	54.4	—	—	3.8	0.8	1.1	—	130	14.3
Meal, fermented	91	1620	1520	938	53.7	—	—	3.3	0.8	0.8	—	130	10.4
Protein concentrate	90	1860	1591	969	64.0	—	—	3.5	0	3.0	—	130	39.0
Protein isolate	92	1882	1618	922	85.8	—	—	0.4	0	0.6	—	130	7.8
Seeds, heat pro- cessed	90	1878	1677	1162	35.2	8.0	13.9	5.2	0.4	18.0	9.13	130	234.0
Sunflower meal, 42% CP	93	1288	1243	732	42.2	18.4	27.8	15.8	0	2.9	1.07	120	34.8
Triticale	90	1506	1445	1122	12.5	3.2	12.7	4.0	59.9	1.8	0.71	87	15.7
Wheat
Bran	89	1098	1034	679	15.7	11.9	42.1	10.0	19.8	4.0	1.80	83	33.2
Grain, hard red winter	88	1526	1459	1114	13.5	3.7	13.5	2.6	55.5	2.0	0.93	83	16.6
Middlings, <9.5% fiber	89	1395	1375	993	15.9	9.2	35.6	7.8	27.7	4.2	1.74	83	34.9
Whey
Dried	96	1513	1450	1299	12.1	—	—	—	0	0.9	0.01	27	2.4
Permeate	96	1558	1500	1080	3.8	0	—	—	0	0.2	—	27	0.5
Protein concentrate, 78%CP	94	2250	1978	1290	78.2	0	—	—	0	12.8	—	27	35.0

^aDashes indicate no data were available.

<td”>0.91 (83)0.45 (75)1.43 (78)1.82 (77)2.21 (85)0.96 (85)2.58 (81)1.43 (82)1.13 (79)<td”>Meat meal (< 4% P)

Table 2. Amino acid composition of feed ingredients for swine (as-fed basis). Percent standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids for swine shown in parenthesis^a
Ingredient	Dry Matter %	Crude protein %	Lysine %<	Threonine %	Methionine %	Cysteine %	Tryptophan %	Isoleucine %	Valine %	Arginine %	Histidine %	Leucine %	Phenylalanine %	Tyrosine %
Alfalfa meal, dehy- drated	92	17.0	0.74 (56)	0.70 (63)	0.25 (71)	0.18 (37)	0.24 (46)	0.68 (68)	0.86 (64)	0.71 (74)	0.37 (59)	1.21 (71)	0.84 (70)	0.55 (66)
Bakery waste, dehydrated	91	10.8	0.27 (77)	0.33 (69)	0.18 (90)	0.23 (91)	0.10 (91)	0.38 (94)	0.46 (93)	0.46 (—)	0.24 (—)	0.80 (90)	0.50 (—)	0.36 (—)
Barley, two row	89	11.3	0.41 (79)	0.35 (81)	0.20 (86)	0.28 (86)	0.11 (80)	0.39 (84)	0.52 (82)	0.54 (86)	0.25 (86)	0.77 (86)	0.55 (88)	0.29 (87)
Beet pulp	91	8.6	0.52 (51)	0.38 (30)	0.07 (64)	0.06 (21)	0.10 (41)	0.31 (60)	0.45 (42)	0.32 (57)	0.23 (61)	0.53 (59)	0.30 (54)	0.40 (51)
Blood
Cells, spray-dried	92	92.0	8.51 (98)	3.38 (96)	0.81 (94)	0.61 (89)	1.37 (97)	0.49 (53)	8.50 (98)	3.77 (99)	6.99 (98)	12.70 (98)	6.69 (98)	2.14 (88)
Meal, flash-dried	92	87.6	7.56 (77)	4.07 (80)	0.95 (80)	1.20 (64)	1.06 (77)	0.88 (65)	8.03 (77)	3.37 (79)	4.57 (79)	11.48 (80)	6.41 (81)	2.32 (54)
Meal, spray-dried	93	88.8	7.45 (94)	3.78 (94)	0.99 (96)	1.04 (91)	1.48 (94)	1.03 (92)	7.03 (91)	3.69 (92)	5.30 (92)	10.81 (92)	5.81 (93)	2.71 (93)
Plasma protein, spray-dried	91	78.0	6.84 (91)	4.72 (87)	0.75 (92)	2.63 (85)	1.36 (92)	2.71 (92)	4.94 (89)	4.55 (95)	2.55 (91)	7.61 (92)	4.42 (92)	3.53 (92)
Canola meal	90	35.6	2.08 (78)	1.59 (76)	0.74 (86)
Corn
Distillers dried grains w/solubles (DDGS)	88	27.4	0.78 (62)	0.97 (71)	0.58 (82)	0.38 (74)	0.20 (70)	1.04 (75)	1.38 (75)	1.16 (81)	0.71 (77)	3.32 (83)	1.34 (81)	1.16 (81)
Distillers dried grains -high protein	90	41.8	1.17 (64)	1.54 (77)	0.86 (88)	0.80 (82)	0.24 (81)	1.73 (81)	2.11 (80)	1.52 (83)	1.10 (81)	5.96 (91)	2.38 (87)	1.97 (88)
Germ	91	14.8	0.79 (58)	0.52 (53)	0.26 (68)	0.31 (64)	0.11 (67)	0.45 (57)	0.73 (62)	1.10 (83)	0.42 (69)	1.09 (68)	0.58 (64)	0.42 (59)
Gluten feed	90	21.5	0.63 (66)	0.74 (71)	0.35 (83)	0.46 (59)	0.07 (64)	0.66 (80)	1.01 (77)	1.04 (87)	0.67 (78)	1.96 (85)	0.76 (87)	0.58 (84)
Gluten meal, 60% CP	90	60.2	1.02 (80)	2.08 (84)	1.43 (90)	1.09 (82)	0.31 (63)	2.48 (84)	2.79 (80)	1.93 (89)	1.28 (80)	10.19 (88)	3.84 (85)	3.25 (87)
Grain, yellow dent	89	8.3	0.26 (78)	0.29 (82)	0.17 (90)	0.19 (86)	0.06 (84)	0.28 (87)	0.39 (87)	0.37 (89)	0.23 (87)	0.99 (92)	0.39 (90)	0.25 (89)
Grain, high nutrient	87	9.2	0.27 (78)	0.31 (79)	0.22 (87)	0.22 (82)	0.07 (76)	0.33 (83)	0.44 (82)	0.43 (88)	0.26 (85)	1.17 (87)	0.41 (85)	0.20 (80)
Grain, high oil	87	8.4	0.28 (—)	0.31 (—)	0.20 (—)	0.19 (—)	0.07 (—)	0.31 (—)	0.42 (—)	0.43 (—)	0.27 (—)	1.06 (—)	0.42 (—)	— (—)
Grain, low-phytate	88	9.2	0.29 (81)	0.30 (81)	0.20 (88)	0.19 (85)	0.07 (—)	0.33 (86)	0.46 (85)	0.41 (93)	0.25 (86)	1.10 (90)	0.37 (89)	0.32 (89)
Hominy feed	90	10.3	0.38 (65)	0.40 (65)	0.18 (86)	0.18 (67)	0.10 (60)	0.36 (75)	0.52 (73)	0.56 (86)	0.28 (74)	0.98 (83)	0.43 (84)	0.40 (88)
Egg, spray-dried	—	47.0	3.09 (81)	2.25 (84)	1.48 (90)	1.11 (90)	0.73 (90)	2.87 (89)	3.30 (86)	—	—	4.03 (89)	—	—
Fish meal, menhaden	92	62.9	4.81 (95)	2.64 (88)	1.77 (94)	0.57 (88)	0.66 (90)	2.57 (94)	3.03 (93)	3.66 (94)	1.78 (93)	4.54 (94)	2.51 (93)	2.04 (92)
Flax (linseed) meal, sol. extr.	90	33.6	1.24 (82)	1.26 (79)	0.59 (85)	0.59 (87)	0.52 (84)	1.56 (81)	1.74 (82)	2.97 (78)	0.68 (81)	2.06 (80)	1.57 (80)	1.03 (—)
Lactose	96	0.3	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Meat and bone meal (≥ 4.0% P)	96	52.8	2.76 (80)	1.62 (80)	0.72 (83)	0.51 (63)	0.36 (78)	1.54 (82)	2.28 (79)	3.55 (83)	0.98 (83)	3.17 (81)	1.74 (81)	1.16 (78)
96	56.4	3.29 (83)	1.89 (82)	0.87 (87)	0.52 (58)	0.43 (79)	1.92 (84)	2.60 (80)	3.58 (86)	1.29 (83)	3.71 (83)	2.00 (85)	1.37 (80)
Millet, proso	90	11.1	0.23 (90)	0.40 (94)	0.31 (93)	0.18 (92)	0.16 (98)	0.46 (96)	0.57 (94)	0.41 (93)	0.20 (88)	1.24 (94)	0.56 (98)	0.31 (—)

<td”>9013.90.48 (79)0.44 (80)0.20 (86)0.22 (85)0.18 (82)0.55 (83)0.72 (81)0.85 (86)0.24 (82)0.98 (83)0.66 (84)0.51 (84)

Table 2. Amino acid composition of feed ingredients for swine (as-fed basis). Percent standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids for swine shown in parenthesis^a (continued)
Ingredient	Dry Matter %	Crude protein %	Lysine %	Threonine %	Methionine %	Cysteine %	Tryptophan %	Isoleucine %	Valine %	Arginine %	Histidine %	Leucine %	Phenylalanine %	Tyrosine %
Molasses
Beet	76	11.0	0.16 (—)	0.07 (—)	0.02 (—)	0.07 (—)	0.08 (—)	0.28 (—)	0.19 (—)	0.08 (—)	0.06 (—)	0.29 (—)	0.05 (—)	0.29 (—)
Cane	74	4.0	0.01 (—)	0.06 (—)	0.02 (—)	0.04 (—)	0.01 (—)	0.03 (—)	0.12 (—)	0.02 (—)	0.01 (—)	0.05 (—)	0.02 (—)	0.05 (—)
Oats
Grain	89	11.5	0.40 (76)	0.44 (71)	0.22 (84)	0.36 (75)	0.14 (78)	0.48 (80)	0.66 (79)	0.87 (89)	0.31 (85)	0.92 (83)	0.65 (86)	0.41 (82)
Groat
Peas	88	22.0	1.60 (88)	0.90 (78)	0.24 (80)	0.26 (73)	0.19 (75)	0.95 (83)	1.05 (80)	1.85 (92)	0.55 (88)	1.65 (85)	1.05 (86)	0.75 (85)
Rye	88	11.8	0.38 (73)	0.32 (73)	0.17 (81)	0.19 (83)	0.12 (75)	0.37 (77)	0.51 (75)	0.50 (79)	0.24 (78)	0.64 (79)	0.50 (82)	0.26 (76)
Skim milk, dried	96	34.6	2.86 (93)	1.62 (92)	0.92 (96)	0.30 (89)	0.51 (97)	1.87 (88)	2.33 (91)	1.24 (92)	1.05 (96)	3.67 (97)	1.78 (98)	1.87 (97)
Sorghum, grain (milo)	88	9.2	0.22 (81)	0.31 (84)	0.17 (89)	0.17 (83)	0.10 (83)	0.37 (87)	0.46 (87)	0.38 (87)	0.23 (81)	1.21 (90)	0.49 (88)	0.35 (87)
Soybean
Hulls	89	12.0	0.71 (59)	0.43 (58)	0.14 (68)	0.19 (63)	0.14 (63)	0.44 (60)	0.51 (58)	0.59 (77)	0.28 (58)	0.74 (61)	0.45 (68)	0.36 (64)
Meal, dehulled, 47.5% CP	90	47.5	3.02 (90)	1.85 (87)	0.67 (91)	0.74 (87)	0.65 (90)	2.16 (89)	2.27 (88)	3.48 (94)	1.28 (91)	3.66 (89)	2.39 (89)	1.82 (90)
Meal, dehulled, 46.5% CP	90	46.5	2.96 (89)	1.81 (86)	0.66 (90)	0.72 (86)	0.64 (89)	2.11 (88)	2.22 (87)	3.40 (94)	1.25 (90)	3.58 (88)	2.34 (88)	1.78 (89)
Meal, 44% CP	89	44.0	2.83 (89)	1.73 (85)	0.61 (91)	0.70 (84)	0.61 (87)	1.99 (88)	2.06 (86)	3.23 (93)	1.17 (90)	3.42 (88)	2.18 (88)	1.69 (90)
Meal, enzymatically treated	92	54.4	3.06 (88)	2.02 (86)	0.71 (92)	0.76 (85)	0.69 (88)	2.31 (90)	2.40 (90)	3.75 (98)	1.35 (89)	3.98 (89)	2.74 (92)	2.03 (92)
Meal, fermented	91	53.7	3.11 (77)	1.98 (79)	0.76 (88)	0.77 (70)	0.67 (84)	2.48 (86)	2.69 (84)	3.50 (94)	1.30 (84)	4.09 (85)	2.71 (87)	1.97 (88)
Protein concentrate	90	64.0	4.20 (95)	2.80 (94)	0.90 (94)	1.00 (94)	0.90 (93)	3.30 (94)	3.40 (93)	5.79 (99)	1.80 (97)	5.30 (95)	3.40 (97)	2.50 (96)
Protein isolate	92	85.8	5.26 (91)	3.17 (85)	1.01 (92)	1.19 (82)	1.08 (88)	4.25 (90)	4.21 (89)	6.87 (99)	2.25 (91)	6.64 (89)	4.34 (92)	3.10 (91)
Seeds, heat processed	90	35.2	2.22 (93)	1.41 (86)	0.53 (92)	0.55 (85)	0.48 (89)	1.61 (90)	1.68 (89)	2.60 (97)	0.96 (92)	2.75 (90)	1.83 (91)	1.32 (91)
Sunflower meal, 42% CP	93	42.2	1.20 (90)	1.33 (84)	0.82 (90)	0.66 (81)	0.44 (84)	1.44 (84)	1.74 (82)	2.93 (93)	0.92 (85)	2.31 (85)	1.66 (86)	1.03 (88)
Triticale	90	12.5	0.39 (81)	0.36 (76)	0.20 (89)	0.26 (87)	0.14 (88)	0.39 (84)	0.51 (84)	0.57 (88)	0.26 (84)	0.76 (86)	0.49 (85)	0.32 (83)
Wheat
Bran	89	15.7	0.64 (71)	0.52 (70)	0.25 (79)	0.33 (77)	0.22 (74)	0.49 (76)	0.72 (75)	1.07 (87)	0.44 (82)	0.98 (78)	0.62 (81)	0.43 (80)
Grain, hard red winter	88	13.5	0.34 (81)	0.37 (83)	0.20 (89)	0.29 (91)	0.15 (88)	0.41 (89)	0.54 (86)	0.60 (88)	0.32 (90)	0.86 (90)	0.60 (91)	0.38 (90)
Middlings, <9.5% fiber	89	15.9	0.57 (89)	0.51 (88)	0.26 (93)	0.32 (91)	0.20 (91)	0.53 (92)	0.75 (90)	0.97 (95)	0.44 (94)	1.06 (93)	0.70 (95)	0.29 (92)
Whey
Dried	96	12.1	0.90 (87)	0.72 (79)	0.17 (81)	0.25 (85)	0.18 (79)	0.62 (83)	0.60 (77)	0.26 (48)	0.23 (89)	1.08 (87)	0.36 (83)	0.25 (77)
Permeate	96	3.8	0.18 (—)	0.14 (—)	0.03 (—)	0.04 (—)	0.03 (—)	0.17 (—)	0.13 (—)	0.06 (—)	0.05 (—)	0.22 (—)	0.06 (—)	— (—)
Protein concentrate, 78% CP	94	78.2	7.33 (96)	5.21 (88)	1.65 (94)	1.75 (85)	1.72 (102)	5.07 (94)	4.75 (93)	1.96 (95)	1.58 (91)	8.49 (95)	2.69 (90)	2.44 (86)

Table 3. Chemical composition of manufactured amino acids sources for swine (as-fed basis).^a
Amino Acid	Source	Dry Matter %	Digestible energy %	Metabolizable energy kcal/lb	Net energy kcal/lb	Crude protein %	Lysine %	Threonine %	Methionine %	Tryptophan %	Isoleucine %	Valine %
Isoleucine	L-isoleucine	99	2926	2781	2146	65.4					98
Lysine	L-lysine HCl	99.5	2175	1979	1533	95.4	78.8
	Lysine, liquid	55.0	—	1333	—	59.9	50.0
	Lysine, liquid	—	—	—	—	—	60.0
	Lysine, sulfate	95.0	2023	1925	1435	75.0	50.7	0.4	0.2	0.14	0.4	0.7
Methionine	DL-methinine	99.5	2566	2436	1881	58.4			99.0
Methionine	MHA	88.0	2273	2153	1664	—			88
Threonine	L-threonine	99.5	1870	1718	1338	73.1		99.0
Tryptophan	L-tryptophan	99.5	2990	2806	2175	85.3				98.5
Valine	L-valine	98.5	2644	2486	—	72.1						96.5

^aDashes indicate no data were available.

<td”>3.10.6

Table 4. Chemical composition of fats, oils and crude glycerol for swine (as-fed basis).^a
Ingredient	Dry Matter %	Digestible energy kcal/lb	Metabolizable energy kcal/lb	Net energy kcal/lb	Usnaturated: saturated fatty acid ratio	Iodine value	Iodine value product	Total Σ N-6	Total Σ N-3
Animal fats
Beef tallow	99	3636	3491	3142	0.92	44	440
Choice white grease	99	3768	3616	3254	1.45	60	600	11.6	0.4
Poultry fat	99	3873	3718	3346	2.20	78	780	19.5	1.0
Glycerol, crude (86.96% glycerol)	91	1520	1458	—	—	—	—	—	—
Fish oils
Herring	99	3945	3786	3407	3.39	—	—	1.4	17.8
Menhaden	99	3852	3698	3328	2.00	—	—	1.5	25.1
Vegetable oils
Canola	100	3982	3823	3441	12.46	118	1180	20.3	9.3
Corn	100	3980	3820	3438	6.53	125	1250	58.0	0.7
Restaurant grease	98	3886	3730	3357	2.34	75	750	17.5	1.9
Soybean	100	3977	3818	3436	5.64	130	1300	51.0	6.8

^aDashes indicate no data were available.

Table 5. Mineral composition of feed ingredients for swine (as-fed basis). Percent bio-availablity and apparent digestibility of phosphorus for swine shown in parenthesis, respectively^a
Ingredient	Dry Matter %	Calcium %	Phosphorus %	Sodium %	Chlorine %	Copper ppm	Iodine ppm	Iron ppm	Manganese ppm	Selenium ppm	Zinc pm	Magnesium %	Potassium %	Sulfur %
Alfalfa meal, dehydrated	92	1.53	0.26 (100, 20)	0.09	0.47	10	0.15	333	32	0.34	24	0.23	2.30	0.29
Bakery waste, dehydrated	91	0.13	0.25 (36, —)	1.14	1.48	5	—	28	65	—	15	0.24	0.39	0.02
Barley, two row	89	0.06	0.35 (30, 41b)	0.04	0.12	7	0.04	78	18	0.19	25	0.14	0.45	0.15
Beet pulp	91	0.70	0.10 (20, 20)	0.20	0.10	11	2	411	46	0.09	12	0.22	0.61	0.31
Blood
Cells, spray-dried	92	0.02	0.34 (92, 80)	0.55	0.61	3	—	2618	0.4	1.0	16	0.02	0.80	0.49
Meal, flash-dried	92	0.21	0.21 (92, 80)	0.29	0.38	6	0.34	2341	10	0.58	16	0.21	0.14	0.45
Meal, spray-dried	93	0.41	0.30 (92, 80)	0.44	0.25	8	0.34	2919	6	0.58	30	0.11	0.15	0.47
Plasma protein, spray-dried	91	0.15	1.48 (92, 80)	2.76	1.19	18	—	77	2.5	1.6	13	0.03	0.02	1.02
Canola meal	90	0.63	1.01 (16, 32)	0.07	0.11	6	0.09	142	49	1.10	69	0.51	1.22	0.85
Corn
Distillers dried grains w/solubles (DDGS)	88	0.06	0.69 (76, 59)	0.21	0.20	5	0.03	105	14	0.39	85	0.29	0.82	0.41
Distillers dried grains -high protein	90	0.02	0.38 (76, 60)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Germ	91	0.02	1.20 (33, 29)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Gluten feed	90	0.22	0.83 (59, 22)	0.15	0.22	48	0.07	460	24	0.27	70	0.33	0.98	0.22
Gluten meal, 60% CP	90	0.05	0.44 (15, 19)	0.02	0.06	26	—	282	4	1.0	33	0.08	0.18	0.43
Grain, yellow dent	89	0.03	0.28 (14, 28)	0.02	0.05	3	0.09	29	7	0.07	18	0.12	0.33	0.13
Grain, high nutrient	87	0.04	0.26 (35, 40)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.11	0.32	—
Grain, high oil	87	0.01	0.26 (32, 40)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Grain, low-phytate	88	0.03	0.28 (66, 55)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.10	0.28	—
Hominy feed	90	0.05	0.43 (14, 21)	0.08	0.07	13	—	67	15	0.10	30	0.24	0.61	0.03
Egg, spray-dried	—	0.21	0.67 (50, —)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Fish meal, menhaden	92	5.21	3.04 (93, 77)	0.40	0.55	11	1.09	440	37	2.10	147	0.16	0.70	0.45
Flax (linseed) meal, sol. extr.	90	0.39	0.83 (—, 32)	0.13	0.06	22	0.90	270	41	0.63	66	0.54	1.26	0.39
Lactose	96	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Meat and bone meal (≥ 4.0% P)	96	9.87	4.63 (90, 75)	0.69	0.65	11	1.31	606	17	0.31	0.38	0.41	0.65	0.38
Meat meal (< 4% P)	96	6.60	3.17 (90, 75)	0.80	0.97	10	—	440	10	0.37	94	0.35	0.57	0.45
>Millet, proso	90	0.03	0.31 (32, —)	0.04	0.03	26	—	71	30	0.70	18	0.16	0.43	0.14

Table 5. Mineral composition of feed ingredients for swine (as-fed basis). Percent bio-availablity and apparent digestibility of phosphorus for swine shown in parenthesis, respectively^a (continued)
Ingredient	Dry Matter %	Calcium %	Phosphorus %	Sodium %	Chlorine %	Copper ppm	Iodine ppm	Iron ppm	Manganese ppm	Selenium ppm	Zinc ppm	Magnesium %	Potassium %	Sulfur %
Molasses
Beet	76	0.10	0.02 (33, 20)	0.68	0.45	13	1.1	117	29	—	17	0.05	3.92	—
Cane	74	0.74	0.06 (33, 20)	0.24	1.59	29	—	188	59	—	13	0.33	3.74	—
Oats
Grain	89	0.07	0.31 (22, 32)	0.08	0.10	6	0.09	85	43	0.30	38	0.16	0.42	0.21
Groat	90	0.08	0.41 (14, 32)	0.05	0.09	6	—	49	32	0.09	26	0.11	0.38	0.20
Peas	88	0.10	0.44 (30, 55)	0.04	0.05	9	0.26	65	23	0.38	23	0.12	1.02	0.20
Rye	88	0.06	0.33 (—, 50b)	0.02	0.03	7	0.08	60	58	0.38	31	0.12	0.48	0.15
Skim milk, dried	96	1.31	1.00 (91, 90)	0.48	1.00	5	0.82	8	2	0.12	42	0.12	1.60	0.32
Sorghum, grain (milo)	89	0.03	0.29 (20, 25)	0.01	0.09	5	0.02	45	15	0.20	15	0.15	0.35	0.08
Soybean
Hulls	89	0.49	0.14 (78, 20)	0.01	0.02	8	—	580	22	0.21	40	0.22	1.20	0.13
Meal, dehulled, 47.5% CP	90	0.34	0.69 (23, 32)	0.02	0.05	20	0.15	176	36	0.27	55	0.30	2.14	0.44
Meal, dehulled, 46.5% CP	90	0.34	0.67 (23, 32)	0.02	0.05	20	0.15	187	36	0.27	55	0.30	2.14	0.44
Meal, 44% CP	89	0.32	0.65 (31, 20)	0.01	0.05	20	—	202	29	0.32	50	0.27	1.96	0.43
Meal, enzymatically treated	92	0.35	0.74 (—, 59)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Meal, fermented	91	0.29	0.82 (—, 59)	0.12	—	7	—	142	21	—	39	0.18	1.20	0.36
Protein concen- trate	90	0.35	0.81 (33, —)	0.05	—	13	—	110	47	—	30	0.32	2.20	0.54
Protein isolate	92	0.15	0.65 (—, —)	0.07	0.02	14	—	137	5	0.14	34	0.08	0.27	0.71
Seeds, heat processed	90	0.25	0.59 (33, 32)	0.03	0.03	16	0.09	80	30	0.11	39	0.28	1.70	0.30
Sunflower meal, 42% CP	93	0.37	1.01 (3, 19)	0.04	0.13	25	0.09	200	35	0.32	98	0.75	1.27	0.38
Triticale	90	0.05	0.33 (46, 48b)	0.03	0.03	8	0.09	31	43	—	32	0.10	0.46	0.15
Wheat
Bran	89	0.16	1.20 (29, 50b)	0.04	0.07	14	0.06	170	113	0.51	100	0.52	1.26	0.22
Grain, hard red winter	88	0.06	0.37 (50, 45b)	0.01	0.06	6	0.09	39	34	0.33	40	0.13	0.49	0.15
Middlings, <9.5% fiber	89	0.12	0.93 (41, 50b)	0.05	0.04	10	0.11	84	100	0.72	92	0.41	1.06	0.17
Whey
Dried	96	0.75	0.72 (97, 90)	0.94	1.40	13	—	130	3	0.12	10	0.13	1.96	0.72
Permeate	96	0.86	0.66 (97, 86)	1.00	2.23	0.3	—	36	0.26	—	1.1	0.15	2.10	0.27
Protein concentrate, 78% CP	94	0.63	0.38 (—, —)	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

^aDashes indicate no data were available.
^bAssumes the ingredient is not heated or cooked; if the ingredient is heat-treated, the digestibility coefficient shown will be reduced by the following percentage units due to the inactivation of endogenous phytase (barley, 9; rye, 20; triticale, 18; wheat bran, 25; wheat, 15; wheat midds, 25).

Table 6. Mineral concentrations in macro mineral sources for swine (as-fed basis)a. Percent bio-availablity and apparent total tract digestibility of phosphorus for swine shown in parenthesis, respectively^a
Mineral element	Source	Dry Matter (%)	Calcium (%)^b	Phosphorus (%)^c	Sodium (%)	Chloride (%)	Iron (ppm)	Manganese (ppm)	Zinc (ppm)	Magnesium (%)	Potassium (%)	Sulfur (%)
Calcium	Calcium chloride, dihydrate	—	27	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
	*Limestone* (minimum 95% calcium carbonate)	99	38.0	0.02 (—, —)	0.08	0.02	600	200	18	1.61	0.08	0.08
	Oyster shell	99	37.6	—	0.21	0.01	2840	133	—	0.30	0.10	—
Calcium and phosphorus	Bone meal, steamed	97	29.8	12.5 (82, —)	0.04	—	850	300	126	0.30	0.20	2.40
	*Dicalcium* *phosphate*	96	20 to 24	18.50 (100, 81)	0.18	0.47	7900	1400	92	0.80	0.15	0.80
	*Monocalcium phosphate*	100	17.00	21.10 (100, 81)	0.20	—	7500	100	220	0.90	0.16	0.80
	Calcium sulfate, dehydrate	85	21.85	—	—	—	—	—	—	0.48	—	16.19
	Defluorinated rock phosphate	100	32.00	18.00 (87, —)	3.27	—	8400d	500	43	0.29	0.10	0.13
	Monoammonium phosphate	97	0.35	24.20 (100, —)	0.20	—	4100	100	300	0.75	0.16	1.50
	Curaco phosphate	100	35.09	14.23 (50, —)	0.20	—	3500	—	—	0.80	—	—
	Soft rock phosphate	100	16.09	9.05 (40, —)	0.10	—	19200	1000	—	0.38	—	—
Magnesium	Magnesium carbonate	81	0.02	—	—	—	—	100	—	30.20	—	—
	Magnesium oxide	100	1.69	—	—	—	10600	—	—	55.00	0.02	0.10
	Magnesium sulfate, heptahydrate	49	0.02	—	—	0.01	—	—	—	9.60	—	13.04
Potassium	*Potassium chloride*	100	0.05	—	1.00	46.93	600	10	—	0.23	51.37	0.32
Potassium	Potassium sulfate	—	0.15	—	0.09	1.50	700	10	—	0.60	43.04	17.64
Sodium	Sodium carbonate	—	—	—	43.30	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Sodium	*Sodium bicarbonate*	—	0.01	—	27.00	—	—	—	—	—	0.01	—
Sodium and chloride	Sodium chloride	—	0.30	—	39.50	59.00	100	—	—	0.005	—	0.20
Sodium and phosphorus	Disodium phosphate	100	—	21.15 (100, —)	31.04	—	—	`—	—	—	—	—
Sodium and phosphorus	*Monosodium phosphate*	87	0.09	24.94 (100, 92)	18.65	0.02	10	—	—	0.01	0.01	—
Sodium and sulfur	Sodium sulfate, decahydrate	—	—	—	13.80	—	—	—	—	—	—	9.70

^aThese mineral supplements are not chemically pure compounds, and the composition may vary substantially among sources. The supplier’s analysis should be used if it is available. For example, feed-grade dicalcium phosphate contains some monocalcium phosphate and feed-grade monocalcium phosphate contains some dicalcium phosphate. Dashes indicate that no data were available. Most common sources are in bold-italic.
^bEstimates indicate 90 to 100% relative bioavailability of calcium in most sources of monocalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, defluorinated phosphate, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, and calcitic limestone. The calcium in high-magnesium limestone or dolomtic limestone is less bioavailable (50 to 80%).
^cBioavailability estimates are generally expressed as a percentage of monosodium phosphate or monocalcium phosphate.
^dIron in defluorinated phosphate is about 65% as available as the iron in ferrous sulfate.

Table 7. Mineral concentrations in micro or trace mineral sources for swine^a
Mineral element	Source	Concentration of element, %	Relative bioavailability, %^b
Chromium	*Tripicolinate*	Variable	100
	Propionate	Variable	13
	Methionine	Variable	51
	Yeast	Variable	23
Copper	*Sulfate (pentahydrate)*	25.2	100
	Amino acid chelate	Variable	122
	Amino acid complex	Variable	—
	Acetate	32.1	—
	Carbonate	50 to 55	60 to 100
	Chloride, tribasic	58	100
	Lysine	Variable	94 to 124
	Oxide	75.0	0 to 10
	Polysaccharide complex	Variable	—
	Proteinate	Variable	105 to 111
Iodine	*Ethylenediamine dihydroiodiode (EDDI)*	79.5	100
	*Calcium iodate*	63.5	100
	Potassium iodide	68.8	100
	Potassium iodate	59.3	—
	Copper iodide	66.6	100
Iron	*Sulfate (monohydrate)*	30	100
	Amino acid chelate	Variable	—
	Amino acid complex	Variable	—
	Chloride	20.7	40 to 100
	Carbonate	38	15 to 80
	Methionine	Variable	—
	Polysaccharide complex	Variable	—
	Proteinate	Variable	—
	Sulfate (heptahydrate)	20	100
Manganese	*Sulfate (monohydrate)*	29.5	100
	Amino acid chelate	Variable	—
	Amino acid complex	Variable	—
	Carbonate	46.4	30 to 100
	Chloride	27.5	100
	Dioxide	63.1	35 to 95
	Methionine	Variable	120 to 125
	*Oxide*	60	70
	Polysaccharide complex	Variable	—
	Proteinate	Variable	110

Table 7. Mineral concentrations in micro or trace mineral sources for swine^a(continued)
Mineral element	Source	Concentration of element, %	Relative bioavailability, %^b
Selenium	*Sodium selenite*	45	100
	Proteinate (methionine)	Variable	102
	Sodium selenate	21.4	100
	Yeast	Variable	108
Zinc	*Sulfate (monohydrate)*	35.5	100
	Amino acid chelate	Variable	—
	Amino acid complex	Variable	—
	Carbonate	56	100
	Chloride	48	100
	Methionine	Variable	95 to 100
	Polysaccharide complex	Variable	—
	*Oxide*	72	50 to 80
	Proteinate	Variable	100
	Sulfate (heptahydrate)	22.3	100
	Tetrabasic chloride	58	—

^aMost common sources are in bold-italic; dashes indicate no data were available
^bIn research a frequently used mineral source is often assumed to be 100% bioavailable and other forms are compared based on amount that accumulates in body tissues. The mineral source listed first within each category was generally the standard with which the other sources were compared to determine relative bioavailability.

Table 8. Vitamin composition of feed ingredients for swine (as-fed basis).^a
Ingredient	Dry Matter (%)	Vitamin (IU/lb)	Vitamin D (IU/lb)	Vitamin E (IU/lb)	Vitamin K (IU/lb)	Ribofavin (mg/lb)	Niacin (mg/lb)	Pantothenic acid (mg/lb)	Choline (mg/lb)	Biotin (mg/lb)	Vitamin B12 (mg/lb)	Folic acid (mg/lb)	Pyridoxine (mg/lb)	Thiamin (mg/lb)
Alfalfa meal, dehydrated	92	11457		33.7		6.2	17	13.2	635	0.24	0	1.98	2.9	1.5
Bakery waste, dehydrated	91	509		—		0.6	12	3.8	419	0.03	0	0.09	2.0	1.3
Barley, two row	89	497		5.0		0.8	25	3.6	0	0.06	0	0.14	2.3	2.0
Beet pulp	91	1284		8.9		0.3	8	0.6	371	—	0	—	0.9	0.2
Blood
Cells, spray-dried	92	—		—		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Meal, flash-dried	92	—		0.7		0.6	10	0.5	354	0.04	0.02	0.05	2.0	0.5
Meal, spray-dried	93	—		0.7		1.5	10	1.7	220	0.13	—	0.18	2.0	0.1
Plasma protein, spray-dried	91	—		—		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Canola meal	90	—		9.1		2.6	73	4.3	3039	0.44	0	0.38	3.3	2.4
Corn
Distillers dried grains w/solubles (DDGS)	89	423		—		3.9	34	6.4	1196	0.35	0	0.41	3.6	1.3
Distillers dried grains -high protein	89	423		—		3.9	34	6.4	1196	0.35	0	0.41	3.6	1.3
Germ				—		—	—	—	—	—	0	—	—	—
Gluten feed	92	—		—		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Gluten meal, 60% CP	92	—		—		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Grain, yellow dent	90	121		5.7		1.1	30	7.7	689	0.06	0	0.13	5.9	0.9
Grain, high nutrient	90	—		4.5		1.0	25	1.6	150	0.07		0.06	3.1	0.1
Grain, high oil	89	97		5.6		0.5	11	2.7	281	0.03	—	0.07	2.3	1.6
Grain, low-phytate	87	—		—		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Hominy feed	87	—		—-		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Egg, spray-dried	—	—		—		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Fish meal, menha- den	92	—		3.4		2.2	25	4.1	1386	0.06	0.06	0.17	1.8	0.2
Flax (linseed) meal, sol. extr.	90	24		1.4		1.3	15	6.7	686	0.19	0	0.59	2.7	3.4
Lactose	96	—		—		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Meat and bone meal (≥ 4.0% P)	93	—		1.1		2.1	22	1.9	905	0.04	0.04	0.19	2.1	0.2
Meat meal (< 4% P)	94	—		0.8		2.1	26	2.3	942	0.04	0.04	0.23	1.1	0.3
Millet, proso	90	—		—		1.7	10	5.0	200	0.07	0	0.10	2.6	3.3

Table 8. Vitamin composition of feed ingredients for swine (as-fed basis).^a (continued)
Ingredient	Dry Matter (%)	Vitamin A (IU/lb)	Vitamin D (IU/lb)	Vitamin E (IU/lb)	Vitamin K (IU/lb)	Ribofavin (mg/lb)	Niacin (mg/lb)	Pantothenic acid (mg/lb)	Choline (mg/lb)	Biotin (mg/lb)	Vitamin B12 (mg/lb)	Folic acid (mg/lb)	Pyridoxne (mg/lb)	Thiamin (mg/lb)
Molasses
Beet	76	—		—		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Cane	74	—		—		0.91	13	13	—	0.24	—	0.04	1.4	0.32
Oats
Grain	89	448		5.3		0.8	9	5.9	429	0.11	0	0.14	0.9	2.7
Groat	90	—		—		0.7	6	6.1	517	0.09	0	0.23	0.5	2.9
Peas	88	121		0.1		0.8	14	8.5	248	0.07	0	0.09	0.5	2.1
Rye	88	—		6.1		0.7	9	3.6	190	0.04	0	0.27	1.2	1.6
Skim milk, dried	96	—		2.8		8.7	5	16.5	632	0.11	0.02	0.21	1.9	1.7
Sorghum, grain (milo)	89	0.05		3.4		0.6	19	5.6	303	0.12	0	0.08	2.4	1.4
Soybean
Hulls	89	—		—		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Meal, dehulled, 47.5% CP	90	24		1.6		1.4	10	6.8	1239	0.12	0	0.62	2.9	1.5
Meal, dehulled, 46.5% CP	90	24		1.6		1.4	10	6.8	1239	0.12	0	0.62	2.9	1.5
Meal, 44% CP	89	24		1.6		1.3	15	7.3	1267	0.12	0	0.62	2.7	2.0
Meal, enzymatically treated		—		—		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Meal, fermented
Protein concentrate	90	—		—		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Protein isolate	92	—		—		0.8	3	1.9	1	0.14	—	1.13	2.4	0.1
Seeds, heat processed	90	230		12.2		1.2	10	6.8	1046	0.11	0	1.63	4.9	5.0
Sunflower meal, 42% CP	90	—		6.2		1.6	100	10.9	1429	0.66	0	0.52	6.2	1.6
Triticale	90	—		1.1		0.2	8	3	210	—	—	0.07	—	1.4
Wheat
Bran	89	121		11.2		2.1	84	14.1	559	0.16	0	0.29	5.4	3.6
Grain, hard red winter	88	48		7.8		0.6	22	4.5	353	0.05	0	0.10	1.5	2.0
Middlings, <9.5% fiber	89	—		—		1.0	19	6.0	696	0.05	0	0.36	2.1	10.3
Whey
Dried	96	—		0.2		12.3	5	21.3	826	0.12	0.01	0.39	1.8	1.9
Permeate	96	—		—		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Protein concentrate, 78% CP	94	—		—		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—

^aDashes indicate no data were available.

Table 9. Vitamin concentration in manufactured vitamin sources for swine^a
Vitamin	Concentration/method of expression	Source
Vitamin A	1 IU = 0.3 μg retinol or 0.344 μg vitamin A acetate or 1 USP unit	*Vitamin A acetate (all-trans retinyl acetate)*
	1 IU = 0.55 μg vitamin A palmitate	Vitamin A palmitate
	1 IU = 0.36 μg vitamin A propionate	Vitamin A propionate
Vitamin D	1 IU = 0.025 μg cholecalciferol or 1 USP unit or 1 ICU	Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
Vitamin E	1 mg = IU dl-α-tocopheryl acetate	*dl-α-tocopheryl acetate (all rac)*
	1 mg = 1.36 IU d-α-tocopheryl acetate	*d-α-tocopheryl acetate (RRR)*
	1 mg = 1.11 IU dl-α-tocopherol	dl-α-tocopherol (all rac)
	1 mg = 1.49 IU d-α-tocopherol	d-α-tocopherol (RRR)
Vitamin K	1 Ansbacher unit = 20 Dam units = 0.0008 mg menadione	Menadione sodium bisulfite (MSB)
		*Menadione nicotinamide bisulfite (MNB)*
		*Menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite (MPB)*
Riboflavin	Commonly expressed as μg or mg	Crystalline riboflavin
Niacin	Commonly expressed as μg or mg	*Niacinamide*
Niacin	Commonly expressed as μg or mg	*Nicotinic acid*
Pantothenic acid	Commonly expressed as μg or mg	*d-calcium pantothenate*
		dl-calcium pantothenate
		dl-calcium pantothenate – calcium chloride complex
Choline	Commonly expressed as μg or mg	Choline chloride
Biotin	Commonly expressed as μg or mg	d-biotin
Vitamin B12	1μg cyanocobalamin or 1 USP unit or 11,000 LLD (L. lactis Dorner) units	Cyanocobalamin
Folic acid	Commonly expressed as μg or mg	Folic acid
Pyridoxine	Commonly expressed as μg or mg	Pyridoxine hydrochloride
Thiamin	Commonly expressed as μg or mg	*Thiamin mononitrate*
Thiamin	Commonly expressed as μg or mg	Thiamin hydrochloride
Vitamin C	Commonly expressed as μg or mg	L-ascorbic acid
		L-ascorbic acid phosphate
		*L-ascorbic acid coated with ethyl cellulose*

^aMost common sources are in bold-italic.

Table 10. Recommended upper limits of usage (% of the diet) for feed ingredients in swine diets. An * denotes no nutritional limitations in a balanced diet^ab
Type of diet	Nursery	Nursery	Grower	Finisher	Gestation	Lactation
Body weight, lb	< 25	25 to 45	45 to 130	130 to 315
Alfalfa meal, dehydrated	0	5	10	15	25	0
Bakery waste, dehydrated	15	25	*	*	*	*
Barley, two row (48 lb/bushel)	*	*	*	*	*	*
Beet pulp	0	5	10	15	50	10
Blood
Cells, spray-dried	3	3	5	5	5	5
Meal, flash-dried	3	3	5	5	5	5
Meal, spray-dried	3	3	5	5	5	5
Plasma protein, spray dried	*	*	*	*	*	*
Canola meal	0	5	15	20	15	15
Corn
Distillers dried grains w/solubles (DDGS)	10	20	30	20	40	20
Distillers dried grains-high protein	10	20	20	20	30	15
Germ	10	20	20	10	30	20
Gluten feed	5	5	10	15	40	10
Gluten meal, 60% CP	5	10	20	20	30	10
Grain, yellow dent (>40 lb/bushel)	*	*	*	*	*	*
Grain, high nutrient	*	*	*	*	*	*
Grain, high oil	*	*	*	30	*	*
Grain, low-phytate	*	*	*	*	*	*
Hominy feed	0	20	60	30	60	60
Egg, spray-dried	10	*	*	*	*	*
Fish meal, menhaden	15	20	6	0	6	6
Flax (linseed) meal, sol. extr.	3	15	15	15	20	10
Lactose	*	*	20	20	20	20
Meat and bone meal, 50% CP	5	10	*	*	*	*
Meat meal, 55% CP	5	10	*	*	*	*
Millet, proso	40	40	*	*	*	40
Molasses
Beet	5	5	5	5	5	5
Cane	5	5	5	5	5	5
Oats
Grain (38 lb/bushel)	15	30	35	40	*	10
Groat	*	*	*	*	*	*
Peas	15	30	40	50	15	25
Rye (ergot free)	0	10	25	35	20	10
Skim milk, dried	*	*	*	*	*	*
Sorghum, grain (milo) (> 48 lb/bushel)	*	*	*	*	*	*

Table 10. Recommended upper limits of usage (% of the diet) for feed ingredients in swine diets. An * denotes no nutritional limitations in a balanced diet^ab (continued)
Type of diet	Nursery	Nursery	Grower	Finisher	Gestation	Lactation
Body weight, lb	< 25	25 to 45	45 to 130	130 to 315
Soybean
Hulls	5	5	10	10	25	5
Meal, dehulled, 47.5% CP	15	*	*	*	*	*
Meal, dehulled, 46.5% CP	15	*	*	*	*	*
Meal, 44% CP	15	*	*	*	*	*
Meal, enzymatically treated	15	*	*	*	*	*
Meal, fermented	15	*	*	*	*	*
Protein concentrate	20	*	*	*	*	*
Protein isolate	*	*	*	*	*	*
Seeds, heat processed	5	*	*	15	*	*
Sunflower meal, 42% CP	0	5	*	*	*	*
Triticale (ergot free)	20	30	*	*	*	40
Wheat
Bran	0	5	10	20	30	10
Grain, hard red winter (> 55 lb/bushel)	*	*	*	*	*	*
Middlings, <9.5% fiber	5	10	25	35	*	10
Whey
Dried	40	30	20	15	5	5
Permeate	30	25	20	15	5	5
Protein concentrate 78%CP	*	*	*	*	*	*

^aAssumes diets are balanced for energy, essential amino acids, minerals and vitamins.
bHigher levels may be fed although growth and reproductive performance and carcass composition and quality may be negatively impacted. Economic considerations should influence actual inclusion rates.
Summary

A balanced swine diet contains all the known nutrients pigs require for optimum performance. Accurate knowledge of the energy and nutrient content of feed ingredients is an important aspect of sound diet formulation.The information contained within this publication is intended to aid in formulating balanced swine diets.

References

1. Johnston, L. 1993. Use of low-test-weight corn in swine diets and the lysine/protein relationship in corn. J. Swine Health Prod. 3:161-164.

Table 1

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Batal, A. and N. Dale. 2008. Feedstuffs Ingredient AnalysisTable. Miller Publishing Co., Minnetonka, MN.

Bohlke, RA., RC.Thaler, and HH. Stein. 2005. Calcium, phosphorus and amino acid digestibility in low-phytate corn, normal corn, and soybean meal by growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 83:2396-2403.

BrazilianTables for Poultry and Swine. 2005. Composition of feedstuffs and Nutritional Requirements, 2nd edition.

Christensen, KD. 1962. Foderfedtets indflydelse pa smorrets og flaeskets kvalitet. Thesis, Kgl. Vet.- og Landbohojsk., Kobenhavn, 88 pp (Danish).

CVB. 2008. CVB table booklet feeding of pigs. Feeding standards, feeding advices and nutritional values of feed ingredients. CVB series no. 44. Product Board Animal Feed,The Hague,The Netherlands.

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Ewing, W.N. (1997)The Feeds Directory. p. 3. Context Publications, Leicestershire.

Gottlob, RO., JM. DeRouchey, MD.Tokach, RD. Goodband, SS. Dritz, JL. Nelssen, CW. Hastad and DA. Knabe. 2006. Amino acid and energy digestibility of protein sources for growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 84:1396-1402.

Gottlob, RO., JM. DeRouchey, MD.Tokach, JL. Nelssen, RD. Goodband and SS. Dritz. 2007. Comparison of whey protein concentrate and spray-dried plasma protein in diets for weanling pigs.The Professional Animal Scientist 23:116-122.

Grinstead, GS., RD. Goodband, SS. Dritz, MD.Tokach, JL. Nelsson, JC. Woodworth, and M. Molitor. 2000. Effects of a whey protein product and spray-dried animal plasma on growth performance of weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 647-657.

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NRC. 1988. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 9th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

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Olukosi, OA., and O. Adeola. 2009. Estimation of the metabolizable energy content of meat and bone meal for swine. J. Anim. Sci. 87:2590-2599.

Pahm, SC., and HH. Stein. 2007. Amino acid digestibility of protein sources fed to weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 85 (Suppl. 2):105 (Abstr.)

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Patience, J.F, P.A.Thacker, and C.F.M. de Lange. 1995. Swine Nutrition guide, 2nd edition. Prairie Swine Centre, Saskatoon.

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Spiehs, MJ., MH. Whitney, and GC. Shurson. 2002. Nutrient database for distiller’s dried grains with solubles from new ethanol plants in Minnesota and South Dakota. J. Anim. Sci 80:2639-2645.

Stein, HH., G. Benzoni, RA. Bohlke and DN. Peters. 2004. Assessment of the feeding value of South Dakota-grown field peas (Pisum sativum L.) for growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 82:2568-2578.

Stein, HH. 2007. Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets fed to swine. Swine Focus #001, University of Illinois.

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References for iodine values

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EngleTE., V. Fellner, and JW. Spears. 2001. Copper status, serum cholesterol, and milk fatty acid profile in holstein cows fed varying concentrations of copper. J. Dairy Sci. 84:2308–2313.

Feoli, C. Unpublished research.

Hassan Abdullah Mohammed S. Al-Kahtani. 1985. Some biochemical and microbiological changes in proso millet flour during storage. MAThesis.

NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press Washington, DC.

Ribeiro, DM., SKR. Karnati, and ML. Eastridge. 2005. Biohydrogenation of fatty acids and digestibility of fresh alfalfa or alfalfa hay plus sucrose in continuous culture. J. Dairy Sci. 88:4007–4017.

Ryan, E., K. Galvin,TP. O’Connor, AR. Maguire, and NM. O’Brien. 2007. Phytosterol, squalene, tocopherol content and fatty acid profile of selected seeds, grains, and legumes. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 62:85–91.

USDA national nutrient database for standard reference. Release 20. 2007. Available at: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/SR20/reports/sr20fg20.pdf. Accessed Aug. 15, 2008.

Table 2

Adedokun, SA., and O. Adeola. 2005. Metabolizable energy value of meat and bone meal for pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 83:2519-2526.

AminoDat. Version 3.0. 2005. Evonik-Degussa.

Batal, A. and N. Dale. 2008. Feedstuffs Ingredient AnalysisTable. Miller Publishing Co., Minnetonka, MN.

Bohlke, RA., RC.Thaler, and HH. Stein. 2005. Calcium, phosphorus and amino acid digestibility in low-phytate corn, normal corn, and soybean meal by growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 83:2396-2403.

BrazilianTables for Poultry and Swine. 2005. Composition of feedstuffs and Nutritional requirements, 2nd edition.

Cervantes-Pahm, SK., and HH. Stein. 2008. Effect of soybean oil and soybean protein concentration on the concentration of digestible amino acids in soybean products fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 86:1841.

EvaPig®, 2008. Evaluation of feeds. J. Noblet (INRA, UMR SENAH), A. Valancogne (INRA, UMR SENAH), G.Tran (AFZ) and AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S; version 1.0.2.0; http://www.evapig.com/x-home-en

Hastad, CW., MD.Tokach, RD. Goodband, JL. Nelssen, SS. Dritz, JM. DeRouchey, and CL. Jones. 2005. Comparison of yellow dent and NutriDense corn hybrids in swine diets. J. Anim. Sci. 83:2624-2631.

Mateo, CD., and HH. Stein. 2007. Apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in yeast extract and spray dried plasma protein by weanling pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 87:381-383.

NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

Olukosi, OA., and O. Adeola. 2009. Estimation of the metabolizable energy content of meat and bone meal for swine. J. Anim. Sci. 87:2590-2599.

Pahm, SC., and HH. Stein. 2007. Amino acid digestibility of protein sources fed to weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 85 (Suppl. 2):105 (Abstr.)

Pahm, SC., and HH. Stein. 2007. Ileal amino acid digestibility of a new high protein variety of soybeans fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 85 (Suppl. 2):84 (Abstr.).

Patience, J.F, P.A.Thacker, and C.F.M. de Lange. 1995. Swine Nutrition guide, 2nd edition. Prairie Swine Centre, Saskatoon.

Pedersen, C., MG. Boersma, and HH. Stein. 2007. Digestibility of energy and phosphorus in ten samples of distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 85:1168-1176.

Rayadurg, V. 2005. Factors affecting nutrient digestibility in weanling and growing pigs. Ph.D. dissertation. South Dakota State University, Brookings SD.

Spiehs, MJ., MH. Whitney, and GC. Shurson. 2002. Nutrient database for distiller’s dried grains with solubles from new ethanol plants in Minnesota and South Dakota. J. Anim. Sci 80:2639-2645.

Stein, HH., G. Benzoni, RA. Bohlke and DN. Peters. 2004. Assessment of the feeding value of South Dakota-grown field peas (Pisum sativum L.) for growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 82:2568-2578.

Stein, HH. 2007. Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets fed to swine. Swine Focus #001, University of Illinois.

Stein, HH., B. Seve, M. F. Fuller, P. J. Moughan and C. F. M. de Lange. 2007. Invited review: Amino acid bioavailabilty and digestibility in pig feed ingredients:Terminology and application. J. Anim. Sci. 85:172-180.

Van KempenTATG., IB. Kim, AJM. Jansman, MWA. Verstegen, JD. Hancock, DJ. Lees, VM. Gabert, DM. Albin, GC. Fahey, Jr., C M. Grieshop, and D. Mahan. 2002. Regional and processor variation in the ileal digestible amino acid content of soybean meals measured in growing swine. J. Anim. Sci. 80:429-439.

Widmer, MR., LM. McGinnis and HH. Stein. 2007. Energy, phosphorus, and amino acid digestibility of high-protein distillers dried grains and corn germ fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 85:2994-3003.

Table 3

ADM. Specially feed ingredients. Available at: http://www.adm.com/en-US/products/feed/specialty/Pages/default.aspx. Accessed May 2008.

Ajinomoto. Advancing the science of amino acids. Available at: http://www.ajiaminoscience.com/Products/L-AminoAcids.aspx. Accessed May 2008

EvaPig®, 2008. Evaluation of feeds. J. Noblet (INRA, UMR SENAH), A. Valancogne (INRA, UMR SENAH), G.Tran (AFZ) and AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S; version 1.0.2.0; http://www.evapig.com/x-home-en

Evonik-Degussa.Title. Available at: http://www.aminoacidsandmore.com/default.cfm?activity=Contents&eVent=ShowContent&tree ID=198. Accessed May 2008.

Table 4

Lammers, PJ., BJ. Kerr,TE. Weber, WA. Dozier, III, MT. Kidd, K. Bregendahl, and MS. Honeyman. 2008. Digestible and metabolizable energy of crude glycerol for growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 86:602-608.

Noblet, J., H. Fortune, XS. Shi, and S. Dubois. 1994. Prediction of net energy value of feeds for growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 72:344–354.

NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

Table 5

Adedokun, SA., and O. Adeola. 2005. Metabolizable energy value of meat and bone meal for pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 83:2519-2526.

Batal, A. and N. Dale. 2008. Feedstuffs Ingredient AnalysisTable. Miller Publishing Co., Minnetonka, MN.

BrazilianTables for Poultry and Swine. 2005. Composition of feedstuffs and Nutritional requirements, 2nd edition.

Cromwell, GL. 2007. Biological availability of the phosphorus in feedstuffs for pigs. Personal communication.

Cromwell, GL., GM. Hill, DC. Mahan, GC. Shurson, andTL. Ward. 1999. Mineral composition of spray-dried animal plasma and spraydried blood cells. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):61 (abstr.).

Hastad, CW., MD.Tokach, RD. Goodband, JL. Nelssen, SS. Dritz, JM. DeRouchey, and CL. Jones. 2005. Comparison of yellow dent and NutriDense corn hybrids in swine diets. J. Anim. Sci. 83:2624-2631.

Holden, PJ. and ME. Ensminger. 2006. Swine Science. Pages 496-526. 7th ed. Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

Kerr, BJ., CJ. Ziemer,TE. Weber, SL.Trabue, BL.Bearson, GC. Shurson, and MH. Whitney. 2008. Comparative sulfur analysis using thermal combustion or inductively coupled plasma methodology and mineral composition of common livestock feedstuffs. J. Anim. Sci 86:2377-2384.

NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

Nutraferma. 2009. Product specifications, PepSoyGen®. Available online at www.nutraferma.com. Accessed 5/16/09.

Olukosi, OA., and O. Adeola. 2009. Estimation of the metabolizable energy content of meat and bone meal for swine. J. Anim. Sci. 87:2590-2599.

Patience, J.F, P.A.Thacker, and C.F.M. de Lange. 1995. Swine Nutrition guide, 2nd edition. Prairie Swine Centre, Saskatoon.

Pedersen, C., MG. Boersma, and HH. Stein. 2007. Digestibility of energy and phosphorus in ten samples of distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 85:1168-1176.

Petersen, GI., and HH. Stein. 2006. Novel procedure for estimating endogenous losses and measurement of apparent and true digestibility of phosphorus by growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 84:2126-2132.

Pedersen, C., MG. Boersma, and HH. Stein. 2007. Energy and nutrient digestibility in NurtiDense corn and other cereal grains fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 85:2473-2483.

Spiehs, MJ., MH. Whitney, and GC. Shurson. 2002. Nutrient database for distiller’s dried grains with solubles from new ethanol plants in Minnesota and South Dakota. J. Anim. Sci 80:2639-2645.

Stein, HH. 2007. Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets fed to swine. Swine Focus #001, University of Illinois.

Stein, HH., MG. Boersma and C. Pedersen. 2006. Apparent and true total tract digestibility of phosphorus in field peas (Pisum sativum L.) by growing pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 86:523-525.

Widmer, MR., LM. McGinnis and HH. Stein. 2007. Energy, phosphorus, and amino acid digestibility of high-protein distillers dried grains and corn germ fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 85:2994-3003.

Table 6

Cromwell, GL. 2007. Biological availability of the phosphorus in feedstuffs for pigs. Personal communication.

Holden, PJ. and ME. Ensminger. 2006. Swine Science. Pages 496-526. 7th ed. Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

Petersen, GI., and HH. Stein. 2006. Novel procedure for estimating endogenous losses and measurement of apparent and true digestibility of phosphorus by growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 84:2126-2132.

Table 7

Ammerman, CB., Baker, DH, and Lewis, AJ. 1995. Bioavailability of nutrients for animals. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

Batal, A. and N. Dale. 2008. Feedstuffs Ingredient AnalysisTable. Miller Publishing Co., Minnetonka, MN.

Lindemann, MD., GL. Cromwell, HJ. Monegue and KW. Purser. 2008. Effect of chromium source on tissue concentration of chromium for pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 86:2971-2978.

NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

Table 8

NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

Frequently asked questions

Does low protein corn have a lower feeding value than normal corn?

The relationship between the crude protein concentration and lysine concentration of corn is poor [1]. Thus, corn containing 7 to 7.5% CP may have the same amount of lysine as 8.5% CP corn.The lack of a good correlation between corn crude protein and lysine concentration indicates that one should not automatically increase the amount of protein supplement or crystalline lysine in the diet when using low protein corn. It is best to analyze the corn for lysine for more accurate diet formulation.

The previous information relates to lysine, the most limiting amino acid in grain/soybean meal-based diets.There is a better correlation between corn protein content and the concentration of most other amino acids.Thus, it is important be aware of the impact of low protein on the concentration of those amino acids in the diet and supplement if necessary.

How can the standardized ileal digestible amino acid concentration of a feedstuff be calculated?

Only a certain proportion of each of the amino acids in a feedstuff is digested and absorbed by pigs. Standardized ileal digestibility (SID) coefficients for major amino acids in many feedstuffs are shown inTable 2. To calculate the SID amino acid concentration of a feedstuff, multiply the total quantity of the amino acid in the feedstuff by its SID coefficient. For example, the SID lysine concentration of DDGS containing 0.76% lysine is 0.47% (0.76 x 0.62). It is especially important to formulate diets on a digestible amino acid basis when nontraditional or byproduct ingredients are used in feed; otherwise, pigs may not perform as expected.

Composition and Usage Rate of Feed Ingredients for Swine Diets

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