Factsheets

Composition and Usage Rate of Feed Ingredients for Swine Diets

Proper diet formulation involves having accurate knowledge of the nutrient requirements of the pig and information about the energy and nutrient composition of available feed ingredients. In addition, it is important to realize that some feed ingredients possess inherent factors that will decrease pig growth and reproductive performance and/or impact carcass composition and quality if fed in excess.
Objectives

  •  To present the energy and nutrient composition of feed ingredients
  •  To provide upper limits of usage for feed ingredients

 

Explanations

 

Individual ingredients can vary widely in composition because of the variation in species or variety, storage conditions, climate, soil moisture, agronomic differences and manufacturing practices. Variations in chemical analytical procedures can also affect the values obtained.Therefore, the values listed in this publication should be used as a guide in formulating diets. Otherwise, rely on ingredient analyses as necessary prior to diet formulation.

 

Most of the tabular information contained herein was obtained from the NRC (1998). Information published since the NRC (1998) was also included. An attempt was made to include analytical results of feed ingredients obtained from contemporary crop cultivars, newer processing techniques, and improved analytical procedures.

 

Net energy

 

The net energy (NE) value for approximately 40% of the ingredients inTable 1 was obtained from EvaPig (2008); for other ingredients, net energy was calculated from one of the following equations where ME = metabolizable energy, EE = ether extract, ST = starch, CP = crude protein, CF = crude fiber and ADF = acid detergent fiber. Equation NE1 was used when values for EE, ST, CP and ADF were known or could be reasonably estimated. When ADF was not available, equation NE2 was used to estimate NE.

 

NE1 = 0.726 x ME + 1.33 x EE + 0.39 x ST – 0.62 x CP – 0.83 x ADF (R2 = 0.97; Noblet et al., 1994)

 

NE2 = 0.730 x ME + 1.31 x EE + 0.37 x ST – 0.67 x CP – 0.97 x CF (R2 = 0.97; Noblet et al., 1994)

 

The net energy value for fats and oils (Table 4) was calculated by multiplying ME by 0.90, the estimated efficiency with which fat is converted from ME to NE (INRA, 2004).

 

Iodine value and iodine product
Due to carcass fat quality concerns when feeding high levels of dietary unsaturated fat, both iodine value (IV) and iodine value product (IVP) are listed for each ingredient. The iodine value for each ingredient reflects the fat saturation level of each ingredient. A lower iodine value indicates a higher degree of fat saturation in the ingredient. Iodine value product is the value assigned to each ingredient that accounts for its IV and percentage fat it contains. Once calculated, IVP can be used to help predict the carcass fat IV of pigs fed those diets. Iodine values for available ingredients were obtained from the NRC (1998). For ingredients not listed in the NRC (1998), fatty acid profiles were obtained from cited references from which iodine values were calculated using the following equation:

 

IV = [C16:1] × 0.95 + [C18:1] × 0.86 + [C18:2] × 1.732 + [C18:3] × 2.616 + [C20:1] × 0.785 + [C22:1] × 0.723, where the brackets indicate concentration (percentage) of the fatty acid (AOCS, 1998).

 

Iodine value product for each ingredient was calculated using the following equation:

 

IVP = IV of the ingredient oil × % oil in the ingredient × 0.10 (Christensen, 1962).

 

Ingredient usage rate

 

The upper limits of usage presented in this factsheet represent conservative estimates of the extent ingredients can be included in swine diets balanced for energy, amino acids, minerals and vitamins and not negatively impact growth and reproductive performance and/or carcass composition. We acknowledge that establishing upper limits of usage is greatly dependent on individual risk tolerance. Also, situations exist were it is economically justified to increase the inclusion rate of an ingredient even if performance is negatively impacted.

 

In general, factors such as palatability, risk of gastrointestinal disturbance, unspecified loss of performance, appetite impairment and others that are involved in affecting growth and reproductive performance and/or carcass composition were considered in establishing the upper limits of usage indicated in this factsheet.

Table 1. Chemical composition of feed ingredients for swine (as-fed basis).a
Ingredient Dry Matter % Digestible energy kcal/lb Metabolizable energy kcal/lb Net Energy kcal/lb< Crude protein % Acid detergent fiber % Neutral detergent fiber % Crude fiber % Starch % Crude fat % Linoleic acid % Iodine value Iodine value product
Alfalfa meal, dehydrated

92

830 750 398 17.0 30.2 41.2 24.0 0 2.6 0.35 100

26.0

Bakery waste, dehydrated

91

1787 1682 1349 10.8 1.3 2.0 1.2 53.7 11.3 5.70 125

141.3

Barley, two row

89

1383 1322 1034 11.3 6.2 18.0 5.0 52.2 1.9 0.88 125

23.8

Beet pulp

91

1300 1134 671 8.6 24.3 42.4 18.2 0 0.8 0.04 1

0.1

Blood
Cells, spray-dried

92

1996 1900 1115 92.0 0.5 0 1.5 44

7.0

Meal, flash-dried

92

1043 886 386 87.6 1.0 0 1.6 44

7.0

Meal, spray-dried

93

1529 1338 710 88.8 1.0 0 1.3 0.17 44

6.0

Plasma protein, spray-dried

91

2066 1809 1094 78.0 0.2 0 2.0 44

8.0

Canola meal

90

1309 1200 687 35.6 17.2 21.2 11.1 0 3.5 0.42 118

41.3

Corn
Distillers dried grains w/solubles (DDGS)

88

649 1552 1076 27.4 12.2 30.5 7.7 7.3 9.9 2.15 125

123.8

Distillers dried grains -high protein

90

1997 1876 1252 41.8 8.7 16.4 7.2 11.2 3.4 125

42.5

Germ

91

1665 1618 1259 14.8 5.6 20.4 6.2 23.6 17.5 125

218.8

Gluten feed

90

1356 1184 740 21.5 10.7 33.3 6.8 18.0 3.0 1.43 125

37.5

Gluten meal, 60% CP

90

1920 1741 1122 60.2 4.6 8.7 1.1 17.2 2.9 1.17 125

36.3

Grain, yellow dent

89

1602 1555 1203 8.3 2.8 9.6 2.3 64.1 3.9 1.92 125

48.8

Grain, high nutrient

87

1580 1662 1273 9.2 2.3 6.3 2.3 58.0 4.5 125

56.3

Grain, high oil

87

1697 1629 1291 8.4 2.9 2.0 60.3 6.0 125

75.0

Grain, low-phytate

88

1697 1629 1286 9.2 2.8 2.2 64.1 4.4 125

55.0

Hominy feed

90

1522 1459 1104 10.3 8.1 28.5 5.0 36.0 6.7 2.97 125

83.8

Egg, spray-dried

2380 2285 1696 47.0 0 0 28 71

198.8

Fish meal, menhaden

92

1710 1527 994 62.3 0.9 0 9.4 0.12 110

103.4

Flax (linseed) meal, sol. extr.

90

1388 1229 793 33.6 15.0 23.9 9.8 0 1.8 0.36 169

30.4

Lactose

96

1602 1561 1447 0.3

Meat and bone meal (≥ 4.0% P)

96

1432 1249 798 52.8 5.6 32.5 2.4 0 10.1 0.72 70

76.3

Meat meal (< 4% P)

96

1507 1328 842 56.4 8.3 31.6 2.3 0 11.2 0.80 70

84.0

Millet, proso

90

1370 1340 1004 11.1 13.8 15.8 6.1 52.8 3.5 1.92 135

47.3

 

Table 1. Chemical composition of feed ingredients for swine (as-fed basis).a (continued)
Ingredient Dry Matter % Digestible energy kcal/lb Metabolizable energy kcal/lb Net Energy kcal/lb Crude protein % Acid detergent fiber % Neutral detergent fiber % Crude fiber % Starch % Crude fat % Linoleic acid % Iodine value Iodine value product
Molasses
Beet

76

1093 1060 716 11.0 0 0 0.2 1

0

Cane

74

1044 1011 697 4.0 0 0 1.1 1

0.1

Oats
Grain

89

1256 1232 861 11.5 13.5 27.0 10.7 36.2 4.7 1.62 106

49.8

Groat

90

1674 1575 1218 13.9 4.6 11.6 2.5 52.6 6.2 2.40 106

65.7

Peas

88

1580 1500 1082 22.0 8.2 13.7 5.5 44.6 1.2 0.47 135

16.2

Rye

88

1483 1390 1070 11.8 4.6 12.3 2.2 53.8 1.6 0.76 131

21.0

Skim milk, dried

96

1809 1689 1232 34.6 0.2 0 0.9 0.01 27

2.4

Sorghum, grain (milo)

89

1536 1518 1187 9.2 8.3 18.0 2.2 64.1 2.9 1.13 116

33.6

Soybean
Hulls

89

908 848 453 12.0 40.4 56.4 34.2 0.9 2.2 0.16 130

28.6

Meal, dehulled, 47.5% CP

90

1672 1536 907 47.5 5.4 8.9 3.4 0.8 3.0 0.60 130

39.0

Meal, dehulled, 46.5% CP

90

1651 1517 894 46.5 6.4 10.2 4.4 0.8 3.0 0.59 130

39.0

Meal, 44% CP

89

1586 1445 881 44.0 9.4 13.3 7.3 0.8 1.5 0.69 130

19.5

Meal, enzymatically treated

92

54.4 3.8 0.8 1.1 130

14.3

Meal, fermented

91

1620 1520 938 53.7 3.3 0.8 0.8 130

10.4

Protein concentrate

90

1860 1591 969 64.0 3.5 0 3.0 130

39.0

Protein isolate

92

1882 1618 922 85.8 0.4 0 0.6 130

7.8

Seeds, heat pro- cessed

90

1878 1677 1162 35.2 8.0 13.9 5.2 0.4 18.0 9.13 130

234.0

Sunflower meal, 42% CP

93

1288 1243 732 42.2 18.4 27.8 15.8 0 2.9 1.07 120 34.8
Triticale

90

1506 1445 1122 12.5 3.2 12.7 4.0 59.9 1.8 0.71 87

15.7

Wheat
Bran

89

1098 1034 679 15.7 11.9 42.1 10.0 19.8 4.0 1.80 83

33.2

Grain, hard red winter

88

1526 1459 1114 13.5 3.7 13.5 2.6 55.5 2.0 0.93 83

16.6

Middlings, <9.5% fiber

89

1395 1375 993 15.9 9.2 35.6 7.8 27.7 4.2 1.74 83

34.9

Whey
Dried

96

1513 1450 1299 12.1 0 0.9 0.01 27

2.4

Permeate

96

1558 1500 1080 3.8 0 0 0.2 27

0.5

Protein concentrate, 78%CP

94

2250 1978 1290 78.2 0 0 12.8 27

35.0

aDashes indicate no data were available.

 

<td”>0.91 (83)0.45 (75)1.43 (78)1.82 (77)2.21 (85)0.96 (85)2.58 (81)1.43 (82)1.13 (79)<td”>Meat meal (< 4% P)

Table 2. Amino acid composition of feed ingredients for swine (as-fed basis). Percent standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids for swine shown in parenthesisa
Ingredient Dry Matter % Crude protein % Lysine %< Threonine % Methionine % Cysteine % Tryptophan % Isoleucine % Valine % Arginine % Histidine % Leucine % Phenylalanine % Tyrosine %
Alfalfa meal, dehy- drated 92 17.0 0.74 (56) 0.70 (63) 0.25 (71) 0.18 (37) 0.24 (46) 0.68 (68) 0.86 (64) 0.71 (74) 0.37 (59) 1.21 (71) 0.84 (70) 0.55 (66)
Bakery waste, dehydrated 91 10.8 0.27 (77) 0.33 (69) 0.18 (90) 0.23 (91) 0.10 (91) 0.38 (94) 0.46 (93) 0.46 (—) 0.24 (—) 0.80 (90) 0.50 (—) 0.36 (—)
Barley, two row 89 11.3 0.41 (79) 0.35 (81) 0.20 (86) 0.28 (86) 0.11 (80) 0.39 (84) 0.52 (82) 0.54 (86) 0.25 (86) 0.77 (86) 0.55 (88) 0.29 (87)
Beet pulp 91 8.6 0.52 (51) 0.38 (30) 0.07 (64) 0.06 (21) 0.10 (41) 0.31 (60) 0.45 (42) 0.32 (57) 0.23 (61) 0.53 (59) 0.30 (54) 0.40 (51)
Blood
Cells, spray-dried 92 92.0 8.51 (98) 3.38 (96) 0.81 (94) 0.61 (89) 1.37 (97) 0.49 (53) 8.50 (98) 3.77 (99) 6.99 (98) 12.70 (98) 6.69 (98) 2.14 (88)
Meal, flash-dried 92 87.6 7.56 (77) 4.07 (80) 0.95 (80) 1.20 (64) 1.06 (77) 0.88 (65) 8.03 (77) 3.37 (79) 4.57 (79) 11.48 (80) 6.41 (81) 2.32 (54)
Meal, spray-dried 93 88.8 7.45 (94) 3.78 (94) 0.99 (96) 1.04 (91) 1.48 (94) 1.03 (92) 7.03 (91) 3.69 (92) 5.30 (92) 10.81 (92) 5.81 (93) 2.71 (93)
Plasma protein, spray-dried 91 78.0 6.84 (91) 4.72 (87) 0.75 (92) 2.63 (85) 1.36 (92) 2.71 (92) 4.94 (89) 4.55 (95) 2.55 (91) 7.61 (92) 4.42 (92) 3.53 (92)
Canola meal 90 35.6 2.08 (78) 1.59 (76) 0.74 (86)
Corn
Distillers dried grains w/solubles (DDGS) 88 27.4 0.78 (62) 0.97 (71) 0.58 (82) 0.38 (74) 0.20 (70) 1.04 (75) 1.38 (75) 1.16 (81) 0.71 (77) 3.32 (83) 1.34 (81) 1.16 (81)
Distillers dried grains -high protein 90 41.8 1.17 (64) 1.54 (77) 0.86 (88) 0.80 (82) 0.24 (81) 1.73 (81) 2.11 (80) 1.52 (83) 1.10 (81) 5.96 (91) 2.38 (87) 1.97 (88)
Germ 91 14.8 0.79 (58) 0.52 (53) 0.26 (68) 0.31 (64) 0.11 (67) 0.45 (57) 0.73 (62) 1.10 (83) 0.42 (69) 1.09 (68) 0.58 (64) 0.42 (59)
Gluten feed 90 21.5 0.63 (66) 0.74 (71) 0.35 (83) 0.46 (59) 0.07 (64) 0.66 (80) 1.01 (77) 1.04 (87) 0.67 (78) 1.96 (85) 0.76 (87) 0.58 (84)
Gluten meal, 60% CP 90 60.2 1.02 (80) 2.08 (84) 1.43 (90) 1.09 (82) 0.31 (63) 2.48 (84) 2.79 (80) 1.93 (89) 1.28 (80) 10.19 (88) 3.84 (85) 3.25 (87)
Grain, yellow dent 89 8.3 0.26 (78) 0.29 (82) 0.17 (90) 0.19 (86) 0.06 (84) 0.28 (87) 0.39 (87) 0.37 (89) 0.23 (87) 0.99 (92) 0.39 (90) 0.25 (89)
Grain, high nutrient 87 9.2 0.27 (78) 0.31 (79) 0.22 (87) 0.22 (82) 0.07 (76) 0.33 (83) 0.44 (82) 0.43 (88) 0.26 (85) 1.17 (87) 0.41 (85) 0.20 (80)
Grain, high oil 87 8.4 0.28 (—) 0.31 (—) 0.20 (—) 0.19 (—) 0.07 (—) 0.31 (—) 0.42 (—) 0.43 (—) 0.27 (—) 1.06 (—) 0.42 (—) — (—)
Grain, low-phytate 88 9.2 0.29 (81) 0.30 (81) 0.20 (88) 0.19 (85) 0.07 (—) 0.33 (86) 0.46 (85) 0.41 (93) 0.25 (86) 1.10 (90) 0.37 (89) 0.32 (89)
Hominy feed 90 10.3 0.38 (65) 0.40 (65) 0.18 (86) 0.18 (67) 0.10 (60) 0.36 (75) 0.52 (73) 0.56 (86) 0.28 (74) 0.98 (83) 0.43 (84) 0.40 (88)
Egg, spray-dried 47.0 3.09 (81) 2.25 (84) 1.48 (90) 1.11 (90) 0.73 (90) 2.87 (89) 3.30 (86) 4.03 (89)
Fish meal, menhaden 92 62.9 4.81 (95) 2.64 (88) 1.77 (94) 0.57 (88) 0.66 (90) 2.57 (94) 3.03 (93) 3.66 (94) 1.78 (93) 4.54 (94) 2.51 (93) 2.04 (92)
Flax (linseed) meal, sol. extr. 90 33.6 1.24 (82) 1.26 (79) 0.59 (85) 0.59 (87) 0.52 (84) 1.56 (81) 1.74 (82) 2.97 (78) 0.68 (81) 2.06 (80) 1.57 (80) 1.03 (—)
Lactose 96 0.3
Meat and bone meal (≥ 4.0% P) 96 52.8 2.76 (80) 1.62 (80) 0.72 (83) 0.51 (63) 0.36 (78) 1.54 (82) 2.28 (79) 3.55 (83) 0.98 (83) 3.17 (81) 1.74 (81) 1.16 (78)
96 56.4 3.29 (83) 1.89 (82) 0.87 (87) 0.52 (58) 0.43 (79) 1.92 (84) 2.60 (80) 3.58 (86) 1.29 (83) 3.71 (83) 2.00 (85) 1.37 (80)
Millet, proso 90 11.1 0.23 (90) 0.40 (94) 0.31 (93) 0.18 (92) 0.16 (98) 0.46 (96) 0.57 (94) 0.41 (93) 0.20 (88) 1.24 (94) 0.56 (98) 0.31 (—)

 

<td”>9013.90.48 (79)0.44 (80)0.20 (86)0.22 (85)0.18 (82)0.55 (83)0.72 (81)0.85 (86)0.24 (82)0.98 (83)0.66 (84)0.51 (84)

Table 2. Amino acid composition of feed ingredients for swine (as-fed basis). Percent standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids for swine shown in parenthesisa (continued)
Ingredient Dry Matter % Crude protein % Lysine % Threonine % Methionine % Cysteine % Tryptophan % Isoleucine % Valine % Arginine % Histidine % Leucine % Phenylalanine % Tyrosine %
Molasses
Beet 76 11.0 0.16 (—) 0.07 (—) 0.02 (—) 0.07 (—) 0.08 (—) 0.28 (—) 0.19 (—) 0.08 (—) 0.06 (—) 0.29 (—) 0.05 (—) 0.29 (—)
Cane 74 4.0 0.01 (—) 0.06 (—) 0.02 (—) 0.04 (—) 0.01 (—) 0.03 (—) 0.12 (—) 0.02 (—) 0.01 (—) 0.05 (—) 0.02 (—) 0.05 (—)
Oats
Grain 89 11.5 0.40 (76) 0.44 (71) 0.22 (84) 0.36 (75) 0.14 (78) 0.48 (80) 0.66 (79) 0.87 (89) 0.31 (85) 0.92 (83) 0.65 (86) 0.41 (82)
Groat
Peas 88 22.0 1.60 (88) 0.90 (78) 0.24 (80) 0.26 (73) 0.19 (75) 0.95 (83) 1.05 (80) 1.85 (92) 0.55 (88) 1.65 (85) 1.05 (86) 0.75 (85)
Rye 88 11.8 0.38 (73) 0.32 (73) 0.17 (81) 0.19 (83) 0.12 (75) 0.37 (77) 0.51 (75) 0.50 (79) 0.24 (78) 0.64 (79) 0.50 (82) 0.26 (76)
Skim milk, dried 96 34.6 2.86 (93) 1.62 (92) 0.92 (96) 0.30 (89) 0.51 (97) 1.87 (88) 2.33 (91) 1.24 (92) 1.05 (96) 3.67 (97) 1.78 (98) 1.87 (97)
Sorghum, grain (milo) 88 9.2 0.22 (81) 0.31 (84) 0.17 (89) 0.17 (83) 0.10 (83) 0.37 (87) 0.46 (87) 0.38 (87) 0.23 (81) 1.21 (90) 0.49 (88) 0.35 (87)
Soybean
Hulls 89 12.0 0.71 (59) 0.43 (58) 0.14 (68) 0.19 (63) 0.14 (63) 0.44 (60) 0.51 (58) 0.59 (77) 0.28 (58) 0.74 (61) 0.45 (68) 0.36 (64)
Meal, dehulled, 47.5% CP 90 47.5 3.02 (90) 1.85 (87) 0.67 (91) 0.74 (87) 0.65 (90) 2.16 (89) 2.27 (88) 3.48 (94) 1.28 (91) 3.66 (89) 2.39 (89) 1.82 (90)
Meal, dehulled, 46.5% CP 90 46.5 2.96 (89) 1.81 (86) 0.66 (90) 0.72 (86) 0.64 (89) 2.11 (88) 2.22 (87) 3.40 (94) 1.25 (90) 3.58 (88) 2.34 (88) 1.78 (89)
Meal, 44% CP 89 44.0 2.83 (89) 1.73 (85) 0.61 (91) 0.70 (84) 0.61 (87) 1.99 (88) 2.06 (86) 3.23 (93) 1.17 (90) 3.42 (88) 2.18 (88) 1.69 (90)
Meal, enzymatically treated 92 54.4 3.06 (88) 2.02 (86) 0.71 (92) 0.76 (85) 0.69 (88) 2.31 (90) 2.40 (90) 3.75 (98) 1.35 (89) 3.98 (89) 2.74 (92) 2.03 (92)
Meal, fermented 91 53.7 3.11 (77) 1.98 (79) 0.76 (88) 0.77 (70) 0.67 (84) 2.48 (86) 2.69 (84) 3.50 (94) 1.30 (84) 4.09 (85) 2.71 (87) 1.97 (88)
Protein concentrate 90 64.0 4.20 (95) 2.80 (94) 0.90 (94) 1.00 (94) 0.90 (93) 3.30 (94) 3.40 (93) 5.79 (99) 1.80 (97) 5.30 (95) 3.40 (97) 2.50 (96)
Protein isolate 92 85.8 5.26 (91) 3.17 (85) 1.01 (92) 1.19 (82) 1.08 (88) 4.25 (90) 4.21 (89) 6.87 (99) 2.25 (91) 6.64 (89) 4.34 (92) 3.10 (91)
Seeds, heat processed 90 35.2 2.22 (93) 1.41 (86) 0.53 (92) 0.55 (85) 0.48 (89) 1.61 (90) 1.68 (89) 2.60 (97) 0.96 (92) 2.75 (90) 1.83 (91) 1.32 (91)
Sunflower meal, 42% CP 93 42.2 1.20 (90) 1.33 (84) 0.82 (90) 0.66 (81) 0.44 (84) 1.44 (84) 1.74 (82) 2.93 (93) 0.92 (85) 2.31 (85) 1.66 (86) 1.03 (88)
Triticale 90 12.5 0.39 (81) 0.36 (76) 0.20 (89) 0.26 (87) 0.14 (88) 0.39 (84) 0.51 (84) 0.57 (88) 0.26 (84) 0.76 (86) 0.49 (85) 0.32 (83)
Wheat
Bran 89 15.7 0.64 (71) 0.52 (70) 0.25 (79) 0.33 (77) 0.22 (74) 0.49 (76) 0.72 (75) 1.07 (87) 0.44 (82) 0.98 (78) 0.62 (81) 0.43 (80)
Grain, hard red winter 88 13.5 0.34 (81) 0.37 (83) 0.20 (89) 0.29 (91) 0.15 (88) 0.41 (89) 0.54 (86) 0.60 (88) 0.32 (90) 0.86 (90) 0.60 (91) 0.38 (90)
Middlings, <9.5% fiber 89 15.9 0.57 (89) 0.51 (88) 0.26 (93) 0.32 (91) 0.20 (91) 0.53 (92) 0.75 (90) 0.97 (95) 0.44 (94) 1.06 (93) 0.70 (95) 0.29 (92)
Whey
Dried 96 12.1 0.90 (87) 0.72 (79) 0.17 (81) 0.25 (85) 0.18 (79) 0.62 (83) 0.60 (77) 0.26 (48) 0.23 (89) 1.08 (87) 0.36 (83) 0.25 (77)
Permeate 96 3.8 0.18 (—) 0.14 (—) 0.03 (—) 0.04 (—) 0.03 (—) 0.17 (—) 0.13 (—) 0.06 (—) 0.05 (—) 0.22 (—) 0.06 (—) — (—)
Protein concentrate, 78% CP 94 78.2 7.33 (96) 5.21 (88) 1.65 (94) 1.75 (85) 1.72 (102) 5.07 (94) 4.75 (93) 1.96 (95) 1.58 (91) 8.49 (95) 2.69 (90) 2.44 (86)

 

Table 3. Chemical composition of manufactured amino acids sources for swine (as-fed basis).a
Amino Acid Source Dry Matter % Digestible energy % Metabolizable energy kcal/lb Net energy kcal/lb Crude protein % Lysine % Threonine % Methionine % Tryptophan % Isoleucine % Valine %
Isoleucine L-isoleucine 99 2926 2781 2146 65.4 98
Lysine L-lysine HCl 99.5 2175 1979 1533 95.4 78.8
Lysine, liquid 55.0 1333 59.9 50.0
Lysine, liquid 60.0
Lysine, sulfate 95.0 2023 1925 1435 75.0 50.7 0.4 0.2 0.14 0.4 0.7
Methionine DL-methinine 99.5 2566 2436 1881 58.4 99.0
MHA 88.0 2273 2153 1664 88
Threonine L-threonine 99.5 1870 1718 1338 73.1 99.0
Tryptophan L-tryptophan 99.5 2990 2806 2175 85.3 98.5
Valine L-valine 98.5 2644 2486 72.1 96.5

aDashes indicate no data were available.

 

 

<td”>3.10.6

Table 4. Chemical composition of fats, oils and crude glycerol for swine (as-fed basis).a
Ingredient Dry Matter % Digestible energy kcal/lb Metabolizable energy kcal/lb Net energy kcal/lb Usnaturated: saturated fatty acid ratio Iodine value Iodine value product Total Σ N-6 Total Σ N-3
Animal fats
Beef tallow 99 3636 3491 3142 0.92 44 440
Choice white grease 99 3768 3616 3254 1.45 60 600 11.6 0.4
Poultry fat 99 3873 3718 3346 2.20 78 780 19.5 1.0
Glycerol, crude (86.96% glycerol) 91 1520 1458
Fish oils
Herring 99 3945 3786 3407 3.39 1.4 17.8
Menhaden 99 3852 3698 3328 2.00 1.5 25.1
Vegetable oils
Canola 100 3982 3823 3441 12.46 118 1180 20.3 9.3
Corn 100 3980 3820 3438 6.53 125 1250 58.0 0.7
Restaurant grease 98 3886 3730 3357 2.34 75 750 17.5 1.9
Soybean 100 3977 3818 3436 5.64 130 1300 51.0 6.8

aDashes indicate no data were available.

 

Table 5. Mineral composition of feed ingredients for swine (as-fed basis). Percent bio-availablity and apparent digestibility of phosphorus for swine shown in parenthesis, respectivelya
Ingredient Dry Matter % Calcium % Phosphorus % Sodium % Chlorine % Copper ppm Iodine ppm Iron ppm Manganese ppm Selenium ppm Zinc pm Magnesium % Potassium % Sulfur %
Alfalfa meal, dehydrated 92 1.53 0.26 (100, 20) 0.09 0.47 10 0.15 333 32 0.34 24 0.23 2.30 0.29
Bakery waste, dehydrated 91 0.13 0.25 (36, —) 1.14 1.48 5 28 65 15 0.24 0.39 0.02
Barley, two row 89 0.06 0.35 (30, 41b) 0.04 0.12 7 0.04 78 18 0.19 25 0.14 0.45 0.15
Beet pulp 91 0.70 0.10 (20, 20) 0.20 0.10 11 2 411 46 0.09 12 0.22 0.61 0.31
Blood
Cells, spray-dried 92 0.02 0.34 (92, 80) 0.55 0.61 3 2618 0.4 1.0 16 0.02 0.80 0.49
Meal, flash-dried 92 0.21 0.21 (92, 80) 0.29 0.38 6 0.34 2341 10 0.58 16 0.21 0.14 0.45
Meal, spray-dried 93 0.41 0.30 (92, 80) 0.44 0.25 8 0.34 2919 6 0.58 30 0.11 0.15 0.47
Plasma protein, spray-dried 91 0.15 1.48 (92, 80) 2.76 1.19 18 77 2.5 1.6 13 0.03 0.02 1.02
Canola meal 90 0.63 1.01 (16, 32) 0.07 0.11 6 0.09 142 49 1.10 69 0.51 1.22 0.85
Corn
Distillers dried grains w/solubles (DDGS) 88 0.06 0.69 (76, 59) 0.21 0.20 5 0.03 105 14 0.39 85 0.29 0.82 0.41
Distillers dried grains -high protein 90 0.02 0.38 (76, 60)
Germ 91 0.02 1.20 (33, 29)
Gluten feed 90 0.22 0.83 (59, 22) 0.15 0.22 48 0.07 460 24 0.27 70 0.33 0.98 0.22
Gluten meal, 60% CP 90 0.05 0.44 (15, 19) 0.02 0.06 26 282 4 1.0 33 0.08 0.18 0.43
Grain, yellow dent 89 0.03 0.28 (14, 28) 0.02 0.05 3 0.09 29 7 0.07 18 0.12 0.33 0.13
Grain, high nutrient 87 0.04 0.26 (35, 40) 0.11 0.32
Grain, high oil 87 0.01 0.26 (32, 40)
Grain, low-phytate 88 0.03 0.28 (66, 55) 0.10 0.28
Hominy feed 90 0.05 0.43 (14, 21) 0.08 0.07 13 67 15 0.10 30 0.24 0.61 0.03
Egg, spray-dried 0.21 0.67 (50, —)
Fish meal, menhaden 92 5.21 3.04 (93, 77) 0.40 0.55 11 1.09 440 37 2.10 147 0.16 0.70 0.45
Flax (linseed) meal, sol. extr. 90 0.39 0.83 (—, 32) 0.13 0.06 22 0.90 270 41 0.63 66 0.54 1.26 0.39
Lactose 96
Meat and bone meal (≥ 4.0% P) 96 9.87 4.63 (90, 75) 0.69 0.65 11 1.31 606 17 0.31 0.38 0.41 0.65 0.38
Meat meal (< 4% P) 96 6.60 3.17 (90, 75) 0.80 0.97 10 440 10 0.37 94 0.35 0.57 0.45
>Millet, proso 90 0.03 0.31 (32, —) 0.04 0.03 26 71 30 0.70 18 0.16 0.43 0.14

 

Table 5. Mineral composition of feed ingredients for swine (as-fed basis). Percent bio-availablity and apparent digestibility of phosphorus for swine shown in parenthesis, respectivelya (continued)
Ingredient Dry Matter % Calcium % Phosphorus % Sodium % Chlorine % Copper ppm Iodine ppm Iron ppm Manganese ppm Selenium ppm Zinc ppm Magnesium % Potassium % Sulfur %
Molasses
Beet 76 0.10 0.02 (33, 20) 0.68 0.45 13 1.1 117 29 17 0.05 3.92
Cane 74 0.74 0.06 (33, 20) 0.24 1.59 29 188 59 13 0.33 3.74
Oats
Grain 89 0.07 0.31 (22, 32) 0.08 0.10 6 0.09 85 43 0.30 38 0.16 0.42 0.21
Groat 90 0.08 0.41 (14, 32) 0.05 0.09 6 49 32 0.09 26 0.11 0.38 0.20
Peas 88 0.10 0.44 (30, 55) 0.04 0.05 9 0.26 65 23 0.38 23 0.12 1.02 0.20
Rye 88 0.06 0.33 (—, 50b) 0.02 0.03 7 0.08 60 58 0.38 31 0.12 0.48 0.15
Skim milk, dried 96 1.31 1.00 (91, 90) 0.48 1.00 5 0.82 8 2 0.12 42 0.12 1.60 0.32
Sorghum, grain (milo) 89 0.03 0.29 (20, 25) 0.01 0.09 5 0.02 45 15 0.20 15 0.15 0.35 0.08
Soybean
Hulls 89 0.49 0.14 (78, 20) 0.01 0.02 8 580 22 0.21 40 0.22 1.20 0.13
Meal, dehulled, 47.5% CP 90 0.34 0.69 (23, 32) 0.02 0.05 20 0.15 176 36 0.27 55 0.30 2.14 0.44
Meal, dehulled, 46.5% CP 90 0.34 0.67 (23, 32) 0.02 0.05 20 0.15 187 36 0.27 55 0.30 2.14 0.44
Meal, 44% CP 89 0.32 0.65 (31, 20) 0.01 0.05 20 202 29 0.32 50 0.27 1.96 0.43
Meal, enzymatically treated 92 0.35 0.74 (—, 59)
Meal, fermented 91 0.29 0.82 (—, 59) 0.12 7 142 21 39 0.18 1.20 0.36
Protein concen- trate 90 0.35 0.81 (33, —) 0.05 13 110 47 30 0.32 2.20 0.54
Protein isolate 92 0.15 0.65 (—, —) 0.07 0.02 14 137 5 0.14 34 0.08 0.27 0.71
Seeds, heat processed 90 0.25 0.59 (33, 32) 0.03 0.03 16 0.09 80 30 0.11 39 0.28 1.70 0.30
Sunflower meal, 42% CP 93 0.37 1.01 (3, 19) 0.04 0.13 25 0.09 200 35 0.32 98 0.75 1.27 0.38
Triticale 90 0.05 0.33 (46, 48b) 0.03 0.03 8 0.09 31 43 32 0.10 0.46 0.15
Wheat
Bran 89 0.16 1.20 (29, 50b) 0.04 0.07 14 0.06 170 113 0.51 100 0.52 1.26 0.22
Grain, hard red winter 88 0.06 0.37 (50, 45b) 0.01 0.06 6 0.09 39 34 0.33 40 0.13 0.49 0.15
Middlings, <9.5% fiber 89 0.12 0.93 (41, 50b) 0.05 0.04 10 0.11 84 100 0.72 92 0.41 1.06 0.17
Whey
Dried 96 0.75 0.72 (97, 90) 0.94 1.40 13 130 3 0.12 10 0.13 1.96 0.72
Permeate 96 0.86 0.66 (97, 86) 1.00 2.23 0.3 36 0.26 1.1 0.15 2.10 0.27
Protein concentrate, 78% CP 94 0.63 0.38 (—, —)

aDashes indicate no data were available.
bAssumes the ingredient is not heated or cooked; if the ingredient is heat-treated, the digestibility coefficient shown will be reduced by the following percentage units due to the inactivation of endogenous phytase (barley, 9; rye, 20; triticale, 18; wheat bran, 25; wheat, 15; wheat midds, 25).

 

Table 6. Mineral concentrations in macro mineral sources for swine (as-fed basis)a. Percent bio-availablity and apparent total tract digestibility of phosphorus for swine shown in parenthesis, respectivelya
Mineral element Source Dry Matter (%) Calcium (%)b Phosphorus (%)c Sodium (%) Chloride (%) Iron (ppm) Manganese (ppm) Zinc (ppm) Magnesium (%) Potassium (%) Sulfur (%)
Calcium Calcium chloride, dihydrate 27
Limestone (minimum 95% calcium carbonate) 99 38.0 0.02 (—, —) 0.08 0.02 600 200 18 1.61 0.08 0.08
Oyster shell 99 37.6 0.21 0.01 2840 133 0.30 0.10
Calcium and phosphorus Bone meal, steamed 97 29.8 12.5 (82, —) 0.04 850 300 126 0.30 0.20 2.40
Dicalcium phosphate 96 20 to 24 18.50 (100, 81) 0.18 0.47 7900 1400 92 0.80 0.15 0.80
Monocalcium phosphate 100 17.00 21.10 (100, 81) 0.20 7500 100 220 0.90 0.16 0.80
Calcium sulfate, dehydrate 85 21.85 0.48 16.19
Defluorinated rock phosphate 100 32.00 18.00 (87, —) 3.27 8400d 500 43 0.29 0.10 0.13
Monoammonium phosphate 97 0.35 24.20 (100, —) 0.20 4100 100 300 0.75 0.16 1.50
Curaco phosphate 100 35.09 14.23 (50, —) 0.20 3500 0.80
Soft rock phosphate 100 16.09 9.05 (40, —) 0.10 19200 1000 0.38
Magnesium Magnesium carbonate 81 0.02 100 30.20
Magnesium oxide 100 1.69 10600 55.00 0.02 0.10
Magnesium sulfate, heptahydrate 49 0.02 0.01 9.60 13.04
Potassium Potassium chloride 100 0.05 1.00 46.93 600 10 0.23 51.37 0.32
Potassium sulfate 0.15 0.09 1.50 700 10 0.60 43.04 17.64
Sodium Sodium carbonate 43.30
Sodium bicarbonate 0.01 27.00 0.01
Sodium and chloride Sodium chloride 0.30 39.50 59.00 100 0.005 0.20
Sodium and phosphorus Disodium phosphate 100 21.15 (100, —) 31.04 `—
Monosodium phosphate 87 0.09 24.94 (100, 92) 18.65 0.02 10 0.01 0.01
Sodium and sulfur Sodium sulfate, decahydrate 13.80 9.70

aThese mineral supplements are not chemically pure compounds, and the composition may vary substantially among sources. The supplier’s analysis should be used if it is available. For example, feed-grade dicalcium phosphate contains some monocalcium phosphate and feed-grade monocalcium phosphate contains some dicalcium phosphate. Dashes indicate that no data were available. Most common sources are in bold-italic.
bEstimates indicate 90 to 100% relative bioavailability of calcium in most sources of monocalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, defluorinated phosphate, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, and calcitic limestone. The calcium in high-magnesium limestone or dolomtic limestone is less bioavailable (50 to 80%).
cBioavailability estimates are generally expressed as a percentage of monosodium phosphate or monocalcium phosphate.
dIron in defluorinated phosphate is about 65% as available as the iron in ferrous sulfate.

Table 7. Mineral concentrations in micro or trace mineral sources for swinea
Mineral element Source Concentration of element, % Relative bioavailability, %b
Chromium Tripicolinate Variable 100
Propionate Variable 13
Methionine Variable 51
Yeast Variable 23
Copper Sulfate (pentahydrate) 25.2 100
Amino acid chelate Variable 122
Amino acid complex Variable
Acetate 32.1
Carbonate 50 to 55 60 to 100
Chloride, tribasic 58 100
Lysine Variable 94 to 124
Oxide 75.0 0 to 10
Polysaccharide complex Variable
Proteinate Variable 105 to 111
Iodine Ethylenediamine dihydroiodiode (EDDI) 79.5 100
Calcium iodate 63.5 100
Potassium iodide 68.8 100
Potassium iodate 59.3
Copper iodide 66.6 100
Iron Sulfate (monohydrate) 30 100
Amino acid chelate Variable
Amino acid complex Variable
Chloride 20.7 40 to 100
Carbonate 38 15 to 80
Methionine Variable
Polysaccharide complex Variable
Proteinate Variable
Sulfate (heptahydrate) 20 100
Manganese Sulfate (monohydrate) 29.5 100
Amino acid chelate Variable
Amino acid complex Variable
Carbonate 46.4 30 to 100
Chloride 27.5 100
Dioxide 63.1 35 to 95
Methionine Variable 120 to 125
Oxide 60 70
Polysaccharide complex Variable
Proteinate Variable 110

 

Table 7. Mineral concentrations in micro or trace mineral sources for swinea(continued)
Mineral element Source Concentration of element, % Relative bioavailability, %b
Selenium Sodium selenite 45 100
Proteinate (methionine) Variable 102
Sodium selenate 21.4 100
Yeast Variable 108
Zinc Sulfate (monohydrate) 35.5 100
Amino acid chelate Variable
Amino acid complex Variable
Carbonate 56 100
Chloride 48 100
Methionine Variable 95 to 100
Polysaccharide complex Variable
Oxide 72 50 to 80
Proteinate Variable 100
Sulfate (heptahydrate) 22.3 100
Tetrabasic chloride 58

aMost common sources are in bold-italic; dashes indicate no data were available
bIn research a frequently used mineral source is often assumed to be 100% bioavailable and other forms are compared based on amount that accumulates in body tissues. The mineral source listed first within each category was generally the standard with which the other sources were compared to determine relative bioavailability.

 

Table 8. Vitamin composition of feed ingredients for swine (as-fed basis).a
Ingredient Dry Matter (%) Vitamin (IU/lb) Vitamin D (IU/lb) Vitamin E (IU/lb) Vitamin K (IU/lb) Ribofavin (mg/lb) Niacin (mg/lb) Pantothenic acid (mg/lb) Choline (mg/lb) Biotin (mg/lb) Vitamin B12 (mg/lb) Folic acid (mg/lb) Pyridoxine (mg/lb) Thiamin (mg/lb)
Alfalfa meal, dehydrated 92 11457 33.7 6.2 17 13.2 635 0.24 0 1.98 2.9 1.5
Bakery waste, dehydrated 91 509 0.6 12 3.8 419 0.03 0 0.09 2.0 1.3
Barley, two row 89 497 5.0 0.8 25 3.6 0 0.06 0 0.14 2.3 2.0
Beet pulp 91 1284 8.9 0.3 8 0.6 371 0 0.9 0.2
Blood
Cells, spray-dried 92
Meal, flash-dried 92 0.7 0.6 10 0.5 354 0.04 0.02 0.05 2.0 0.5
Meal, spray-dried 93 0.7 1.5 10 1.7 220 0.13 0.18 2.0 0.1
Plasma protein, spray-dried 91
Canola meal 90 9.1 2.6 73 4.3 3039 0.44 0 0.38 3.3 2.4
Corn
Distillers dried grains w/solubles (DDGS) 89 423 3.9 34 6.4 1196 0.35 0 0.41 3.6 1.3
Distillers dried grains -high protein 89 423 3.9 34 6.4 1196 0.35 0 0.41 3.6 1.3
Germ 0
Gluten feed 92
Gluten meal, 60% CP 92
Grain, yellow dent 90 121 5.7 1.1 30 7.7 689 0.06 0 0.13 5.9 0.9
Grain, high nutrient 90 4.5 1.0 25 1.6 150 0.07 0.06 3.1 0.1
Grain, high oil 89 97 5.6 0.5 11 2.7 281 0.03 0.07 2.3 1.6
Grain, low-phytate 87
Hominy feed 87 —-
Egg, spray-dried
Fish meal, menha- den 92 3.4 2.2 25 4.1 1386 0.06 0.06 0.17 1.8 0.2
Flax (linseed) meal, sol. extr. 90 24 1.4 1.3 15 6.7 686 0.19 0 0.59 2.7 3.4
Lactose 96
Meat and bone meal (≥ 4.0% P) 93 1.1 2.1 22 1.9 905 0.04 0.04 0.19 2.1 0.2
Meat meal (< 4% P) 94 0.8 2.1 26 2.3 942 0.04 0.04 0.23 1.1 0.3
Millet, proso 90 1.7 10 5.0 200 0.07 0 0.10 2.6 3.3

 

Table 8. Vitamin composition of feed ingredients for swine (as-fed basis).a (continued)
Ingredient Dry Matter (%) Vitamin A (IU/lb) Vitamin D (IU/lb) Vitamin E (IU/lb) Vitamin K (IU/lb) Ribofavin (mg/lb) Niacin (mg/lb) Pantothenic acid (mg/lb) Choline (mg/lb) Biotin (mg/lb) Vitamin B12 (mg/lb) Folic acid (mg/lb) Pyridoxne (mg/lb) Thiamin (mg/lb)
Molasses
Beet 76
Cane 74 0.91 13 13 0.24 0.04 1.4 0.32
Oats
Grain 89 448 5.3 0.8 9 5.9 429 0.11 0 0.14 0.9 2.7
Groat 90 0.7 6 6.1 517 0.09 0 0.23 0.5 2.9
Peas 88 121 0.1 0.8 14 8.5 248 0.07 0 0.09 0.5 2.1
Rye 88 6.1 0.7 9 3.6 190 0.04 0 0.27 1.2 1.6
Skim milk, dried 96 2.8 8.7 5 16.5 632 0.11 0.02 0.21 1.9 1.7
Sorghum, grain (milo) 89 0.05 3.4 0.6 19 5.6 303 0.12 0 0.08 2.4 1.4
Soybean
Hulls 89
Meal, dehulled, 47.5% CP 90 24 1.6 1.4 10 6.8 1239 0.12 0 0.62 2.9 1.5
Meal, dehulled, 46.5% CP 90 24 1.6 1.4 10 6.8 1239 0.12 0 0.62 2.9 1.5
Meal, 44% CP 89 24 1.6 1.3 15 7.3 1267 0.12 0 0.62 2.7 2.0
Meal, enzymatically treated
Meal, fermented
Protein concentrate 90
Protein isolate 92 0.8 3 1.9 1 0.14 1.13 2.4 0.1
Seeds, heat processed 90 230 12.2 1.2 10 6.8 1046 0.11 0 1.63 4.9 5.0
Sunflower meal, 42% CP 90 6.2 1.6 100 10.9 1429 0.66 0 0.52 6.2 1.6
Triticale 90 1.1 0.2 8 3 210 0.07 1.4
Wheat
Bran 89 121 11.2 2.1 84 14.1 559 0.16 0 0.29 5.4 3.6
Grain, hard red winter 88 48 7.8 0.6 22 4.5 353 0.05 0 0.10 1.5 2.0
Middlings, <9.5% fiber 89 1.0 19 6.0 696 0.05 0 0.36 2.1 10.3
Whey
Dried 96 0.2 12.3 5 21.3 826 0.12 0.01 0.39 1.8 1.9
Permeate 96
Protein concentrate, 78% CP 94

aDashes indicate no data were available.

Table 9. Vitamin concentration in manufactured vitamin sources for swinea
Vitamin Concentration/method of expression Source
Vitamin A 1 IU = 0.3 μg retinol or 0.344 μg vitamin A acetate or 1 USP unit Vitamin A acetate (all-trans retinyl acetate)
1 IU = 0.55 μg vitamin A palmitate Vitamin A palmitate
1 IU = 0.36 μg vitamin A propionate Vitamin A propionate
Vitamin D 1 IU = 0.025 μg cholecalciferol or 1 USP unit or 1 ICU Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)
Vitamin E 1 mg = IU dl-α-tocopheryl acetate dl-α-tocopheryl acetate (all rac)
1 mg = 1.36 IU d-α-tocopheryl acetate d-α-tocopheryl acetate (RRR)
1 mg = 1.11 IU dl-α-tocopherol dl-α-tocopherol (all rac)
1 mg = 1.49 IU d-α-tocopherol d-α-tocopherol (RRR)
Vitamin K 1 Ansbacher unit = 20 Dam units = 0.0008 mg menadione Menadione sodium bisulfite (MSB)
Menadione nicotinamide bisulfite (MNB)
Menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfite (MPB)
Riboflavin Commonly expressed as μg or mg Crystalline riboflavin
Niacin Commonly expressed as μg or mg Niacinamide
Nicotinic acid
Pantothenic acid Commonly expressed as μg or mg d-calcium pantothenate
dl-calcium pantothenate
dl-calcium pantothenate – calcium chloride complex
Choline Commonly expressed as μg or mg Choline chloride
Biotin Commonly expressed as μg or mg d-biotin
Vitamin B12 1μg cyanocobalamin or 1 USP unit or 11,000
LLD (L. lactis Dorner) units
Cyanocobalamin
Folic acid Commonly expressed as μg or mg Folic acid
Pyridoxine Commonly expressed as μg or mg Pyridoxine hydrochloride
Thiamin Commonly expressed as μg or mg Thiamin mononitrate
Thiamin hydrochloride
Vitamin C Commonly expressed as μg or mg L-ascorbic acid
L-ascorbic acid phosphate
L-ascorbic acid coated with ethyl cellulose

aMost common sources are in bold-italic.

Table 10. Recommended upper limits of usage (% of the diet) for feed ingredients in swine diets. An * denotes no nutritional limitations in a balanced dietab
Type of diet Nursery Nursery Grower Finisher Gestation Lactation
Body weight, lb < 25 25 to 45 45 to 130 130 to 315
Alfalfa meal, dehydrated 0 5 10 15 25 0
Bakery waste, dehydrated 15 25 * * * *
Barley, two row (48 lb/bushel) * * * * * *
Beet pulp 0 5 10 15 50 10
Blood
Cells, spray-dried 3 3 5 5 5 5
Meal, flash-dried 3 3 5 5 5 5
Meal, spray-dried 3 3 5 5 5 5
Plasma protein, spray dried * * * * * *
Canola meal 0 5 15 20 15 15
Corn
Distillers dried grains w/solubles (DDGS) 10 20 30 20 40 20
Distillers dried grains-high protein 10 20 20 20 30 15
Germ 10 20 20 10 30 20
Gluten feed 5 5 10 15 40 10
Gluten meal, 60% CP 5 10 20 20 30 10
Grain, yellow dent (>40 lb/bushel) * * * * * *
Grain, high nutrient * * * * * *
Grain, high oil * * * 30 * *
Grain, low-phytate * * * * * *
Hominy feed 0 20 60 30 60 60
Egg, spray-dried 10 * * * * *
Fish meal, menhaden 15 20 6 0 6 6
Flax (linseed) meal, sol. extr. 3 15 15 15 20 10
Lactose * * 20 20 20 20
Meat and bone meal, 50% CP 5 10 * * * *
Meat meal, 55% CP 5 10 * * * *
Millet, proso 40 40 * * * 40
Molasses
Beet 5 5 5 5 5 5
Cane 5 5 5 5 5 5
Oats
Grain (38 lb/bushel) 15 30 35 40 * 10
Groat * * * * * *
Peas 15 30 40 50 15 25
Rye (ergot free) 0 10 25 35 20 10
Skim milk, dried * * * * * *
Sorghum, grain (milo) (> 48 lb/bushel) * * * * * *

 

Table 10. Recommended upper limits of usage (% of the diet) for feed ingredients in swine diets. An * denotes no nutritional limitations in a balanced dietab (continued)
Type of diet Nursery Nursery Grower Finisher Gestation Lactation
Body weight, lb < 25 25 to 45 45 to 130 130 to 315
Soybean
Hulls 5 5 10 10 25 5
Meal, dehulled, 47.5% CP 15 * * * * *
Meal, dehulled, 46.5% CP 15 * * * * *
Meal, 44% CP 15 * * * * *
Meal, enzymatically treated 15 * * * * *
Meal, fermented 15 * * * * *
Protein concentrate 20 * * * * *
Protein isolate * * * * * *
Seeds, heat processed 5 * * 15 * *
Sunflower meal, 42% CP 0 5 * * * *
Triticale (ergot free) 20 30 * * * 40
Wheat
Bran 0 5 10 20 30 10
Grain, hard red winter (> 55 lb/bushel) * * * * * *
Middlings, <9.5% fiber 5 10 25 35 * 10
Whey
Dried 40 30 20 15 5 5
Permeate 30 25 20 15 5 5
Protein concentrate 78%CP * * * * * *

aAssumes diets are balanced for energy, essential amino acids, minerals and vitamins.
bHigher levels may be fed although growth and reproductive performance and carcass composition and quality may be negatively impacted. Economic considerations should influence actual inclusion rates.
Summary

 

A balanced swine diet contains all the known nutrients pigs require for optimum performance. Accurate knowledge of the energy and nutrient content of feed ingredients is an important aspect of sound diet formulation.The information contained within this publication is intended to aid in formulating balanced swine diets.

 

References

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Table 1

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Hastad, CW., MD.Tokach, RD. Goodband, JL. Nelssen, SS. Dritz, JM. DeRouchey, and CL. Jones. 2005. Comparison of yellow dent and NutriDense corn hybrids in swine diets. J. Anim. Sci. 83:2624-2631.

 

INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique). 2004.Tables of composition and nutritional value of feed materials, Sauvant, D., J-M. Perez and G.Tran, Eds. Wageningen Academic Publishers,The Netherlands and INRA, Paris, France.

 

Jacela, JY., JM. DeRouchey, SS. Dritz, MD.Tokach, RD. Goodband, JL. Nelssen, and RC. Sulabo. 2008. Amino acid and energy digestibility of two different sources of soy hulls for swine. J. Anim. Sci 86 (Suppl. 2): (Abstr.).

 

LaCount, D.W., Drakley, J.K., Cicela,T.M. and Clark, J.H. (1995) High oil corn as silage or grain for dairy cattle during an entire lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 78:1745-1754.

 

Linneen, SK., JM. DeRouchey, RD. Goodband, MD.Tokach, SS. Dritz, JL. Nelssen, and JL. Snow. 2008. Evaluation of NutriDense lowphytate corn and added fat in growing and finishing swine diets. J. Anim. Sci. 86:1556-1561.

 

Noblet, J., H. Fortune, XS. Shi, and S. Dubois. 1994. Prediction of net energy value of feeds for growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 72:344–354.

 

Novus (1994) Raw Material Compendium. 2nd ed. Novus International, Inc., Brussels.

 

NRC. 1988. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 9th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

 

NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

 

Nutraferma. 2009. Product specifications, PepSoyGen®. Available online at www.nutraferma.com. Accessed 5/16/09.

 

Olukosi, OA., and O. Adeola. 2009. Estimation of the metabolizable energy content of meat and bone meal for swine. J. Anim. Sci. 87:2590-2599.

 

Pahm, SC., and HH. Stein. 2007. Amino acid digestibility of protein sources fed to weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 85 (Suppl. 2):105 (Abstr.)

 

Pahm, SC., and HH. Stein. 2007. Ileal amino acid digestibility of a new high protein variety of soybeans fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 85 (Suppl. 2):84 (Abstr.).

 

Patience, J.F, P.A.Thacker, and C.F.M. de Lange. 1995. Swine Nutrition guide, 2nd edition. Prairie Swine Centre, Saskatoon.

 

Pedersen, C., MG. Boersma, and HH. Stein. 2007. Digestibility of energy and phosphorus in ten samples of distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 85:1168-1176.

 

Pedersen, C., MG. Boersma, and HH. Stein. 2007. Energy and nutrient digestibility in NurtiDense corn and other cereal grains fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 85:2473-2483.

 

Skiba, F., Calla, P., Jondreville, C. 2004. Inter- and intra- raw material variations of phosphorus digestibility in several cereals and peas for growing pigs. Porcherie-verte. INRA. Available Online http://www.inra.fr/porcherie-verte/colloque_mai/pv-abstract-poster-cd/ p19bis-S3-PV-Skiba1.pdf. Accessed April 13 2009.

 

Spiehs, MJ., MH. Whitney, and GC. Shurson. 2002. Nutrient database for distiller’s dried grains with solubles from new ethanol plants in Minnesota and South Dakota. J. Anim. Sci 80:2639-2645.

 

Stein, HH., G. Benzoni, RA. Bohlke and DN. Peters. 2004. Assessment of the feeding value of South Dakota-grown field peas (Pisum sativum L.) for growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 82:2568-2578.

 

Stein, HH. 2007. Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets fed to swine. Swine Focus #001, University of Illinois.

 

Widmer, MR., LM. McGinnis and HH. Stein. 2007. Energy, phosphorus, and amino acid digestibility of high-protein distillers dried grains and corn germ fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 85:2994-3003.

 

Widmer, MR., LM. McGinnis, DM. Wulf and HH. Stein. 2008. Effects of feeding distillers dried grains with solubles, high-protein distillers dried grains, and corn germ to growing-finishing pigs on pig performance, carcass quality, and the palatability of pork.. J. Anim. Sci 86:1819-1831.

 

Stein. HH., AKR. Everts, KK. Sweeter, DN. Peters, RJ. Maddock, DM. Wulf, and C. Pedersen. 2006.The influence of dietary field peas (Pisum sativum L.) on pig performance, carcass quality, and the palatability of pork. J. Anim. Sci 84:3110-3117.

 

References for iodine values

Banas A., H. Dexbski, W. Banas, WK. Heneen, A. Dahlqvist, M. Bafor, PO. Gummeson, S. Marttila, A. Ekman, AS. Carlsson, and S. Stymne. 2007. Lipids in grain tissues of oat (Avena sativa): differences in content, time of deposition, and fatty acid composition.. J. Exp. Botany. 58: 2463 – 2470.

 

EngleTE., V. Fellner, and JW. Spears. 2001. Copper status, serum cholesterol, and milk fatty acid profile in holstein cows fed varying concentrations of copper. J. Dairy Sci. 84:2308–2313.

 

Feoli, C. Unpublished research.

 

Hassan Abdullah Mohammed S. Al-Kahtani. 1985. Some biochemical and microbiological changes in proso millet flour during storage. MAThesis.

 

NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press Washington, DC.

 

Ribeiro, DM., SKR. Karnati, and ML. Eastridge. 2005. Biohydrogenation of fatty acids and digestibility of fresh alfalfa or alfalfa hay plus sucrose in continuous culture. J. Dairy Sci. 88:4007–4017.

 

Ryan, E., K. Galvin,TP. O’Connor, AR. Maguire, and NM. O’Brien. 2007. Phytosterol, squalene, tocopherol content and fatty acid profile of selected seeds, grains, and legumes. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 62:85–91.

 

USDA national nutrient database for standard reference. Release 20. 2007. Available at: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/Data/SR20/reports/sr20fg20.pdf. Accessed Aug. 15, 2008.

 

Table 2

Adedokun, SA., and O. Adeola. 2005. Metabolizable energy value of meat and bone meal for pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 83:2519-2526.

 

AminoDat. Version 3.0. 2005. Evonik-Degussa.

 

Batal, A. and N. Dale. 2008. Feedstuffs Ingredient AnalysisTable. Miller Publishing Co., Minnetonka, MN.

 

Bohlke, RA., RC.Thaler, and HH. Stein. 2005. Calcium, phosphorus and amino acid digestibility in low-phytate corn, normal corn, and soybean meal by growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 83:2396-2403.

 

BrazilianTables for Poultry and Swine. 2005. Composition of feedstuffs and Nutritional requirements, 2nd edition.

 

Cervantes-Pahm, SK., and HH. Stein. 2008. Effect of soybean oil and soybean protein concentration on the concentration of digestible amino acids in soybean products fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 86:1841.

 

EvaPig®, 2008. Evaluation of feeds. J. Noblet (INRA, UMR SENAH), A. Valancogne (INRA, UMR SENAH), G.Tran (AFZ) and AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S; version 1.0.2.0; http://www.evapig.com/x-home-en

 

Gottlob, RO., JM. DeRouchey, MD.Tokach, RD. Goodband, SS. Dritz, JL. Nelssen, CW. Hastad and DA. Knabe. 2006. Amino acid and energy digestibility of protein sources for growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 84:1396-1402.

 

Gottlob, RO., JM. DeRouchey, MD.Tokach, JL. Nelssen, RD. Goodband and SS. Dritz. 2007. Comparison of whey protein concentrate and spray-dried plasma protein in diets for weanling pigs.The Professional Animal Scientist 23:116-122.

 

Hastad, CW., MD.Tokach, RD. Goodband, JL. Nelssen, SS. Dritz, JM. DeRouchey, and CL. Jones. 2005. Comparison of yellow dent and NutriDense corn hybrids in swine diets. J. Anim. Sci. 83:2624-2631.

 

INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique). 2004.Tables of composition and nutritional value of feed materials, Sauvant, D., J-M. Perez and G.Tran, Eds. Wageningen Academic Publishers,The Netherlands and INRA, Paris, France.

 

Jacela, JY., JM. DeRouchey, SS. Dritz, MD.Tokach, RD. Goodband, JL. Nelssen, and RC. Sulabo. 2008. Amino acid and energy digestibility of two different sources of soy hulls for swine. J. Anim. Sci 86 (Suppl. 2): (Abstr.).

 

Linneen, SK., JM. DeRouchey, RD. Goodband, MD.Tokach, SS. Dritz, JL. Nelssen, and JL. Snow. 2008. Evaluation of NutriDense lowphytate corn and added fat in growing and finishing swine diets. J. Anim. Sci. 86:1556-1561.

 

Mateo, CD., and HH. Stein. 2007. Apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in yeast extract and spray dried plasma protein by weanling pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 87:381-383.

 

NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

 

Olukosi, OA., and O. Adeola. 2009. Estimation of the metabolizable energy content of meat and bone meal for swine. J. Anim. Sci. 87:2590-2599.

 

Pahm, SC., and HH. Stein. 2007. Amino acid digestibility of protein sources fed to weanling pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 85 (Suppl. 2):105 (Abstr.)

 

Pahm, SC., and HH. Stein. 2007. Ileal amino acid digestibility of a new high protein variety of soybeans fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 85 (Suppl. 2):84 (Abstr.).

 

Patience, J.F, P.A.Thacker, and C.F.M. de Lange. 1995. Swine Nutrition guide, 2nd edition. Prairie Swine Centre, Saskatoon.

 

Pedersen, C., MG. Boersma, and HH. Stein. 2007. Digestibility of energy and phosphorus in ten samples of distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 85:1168-1176.

 

Pedersen, C., MG. Boersma, and HH. Stein. 2007. Digestibility of energy and phosphorus in ten samples of distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 85:1168-1176.

 

Rayadurg, V. 2005. Factors affecting nutrient digestibility in weanling and growing pigs. Ph.D. dissertation. South Dakota State University, Brookings SD.

 

Spiehs, MJ., MH. Whitney, and GC. Shurson. 2002. Nutrient database for distiller’s dried grains with solubles from new ethanol plants in Minnesota and South Dakota. J. Anim. Sci 80:2639-2645.

 

Stein, HH., G. Benzoni, RA. Bohlke and DN. Peters. 2004. Assessment of the feeding value of South Dakota-grown field peas (Pisum sativum L.) for growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 82:2568-2578.

 

Stein. HH., AKR. Everts, KK. Sweeter, DN. Peters, RJ. Maddock, DM. Wulf, and C. Pedersen. 2006.The influence of dietary field peas (Pisum sativum L.) on pig performance, carcass quality, and the palatability of pork. J. Anim. Sci 84:3110-3117.

 

Stein, HH. 2007. Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets fed to swine. Swine Focus #001, University of Illinois.

 

Stein, HH., B. Seve, M. F. Fuller, P. J. Moughan and C. F. M. de Lange. 2007. Invited review: Amino acid bioavailabilty and digestibility in pig feed ingredients:Terminology and application. J. Anim. Sci. 85:172-180.

 

Van KempenTATG., IB. Kim, AJM. Jansman, MWA. Verstegen, JD. Hancock, DJ. Lees, VM. Gabert, DM. Albin, GC. Fahey, Jr., C M. Grieshop, and D. Mahan. 2002. Regional and processor variation in the ileal digestible amino acid content of soybean meals measured in growing swine. J. Anim. Sci. 80:429-439.

 

Widmer, MR., LM. McGinnis and HH. Stein. 2007. Energy, phosphorus, and amino acid digestibility of high-protein distillers dried grains and corn germ fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 85:2994-3003.

 

Widmer, MR., LM. McGinnis, DM. Wulf and HH. Stein. 2008. Effects of feeding distillers dried grains with solubles, high-protein distillers dried grains, and corn germ to growing-finishing pigs on pig performance, carcass quality, and the palatability of pork.. J. Anim. Sci 86:1819-1831.

 

Table 3

ADM. Specially feed ingredients. Available at: http://www.adm.com/en-US/products/feed/specialty/Pages/default.aspx. Accessed May 2008.

 

Ajinomoto. Advancing the science of amino acids. Available at: http://www.ajiaminoscience.com/Products/L-AminoAcids.aspx. Accessed May 2008

 

EvaPig®, 2008. Evaluation of feeds. J. Noblet (INRA, UMR SENAH), A. Valancogne (INRA, UMR SENAH), G.Tran (AFZ) and AJINOMOTO EUROLYSINE S.A.S; version 1.0.2.0; http://www.evapig.com/x-home-en

 

Evonik-Degussa.Title. Available at: http://www.aminoacidsandmore.com/default.cfm?activity=Contents&eVent=ShowContent&tree ID=198. Accessed May 2008.

 

INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique). 2004.Tables of composition and nutritional value of feed materials, Sauvant, D., J-M. Perez and G.Tran, Eds. Wageningen Academic Publishers,The Netherlands and INRA, Paris, France.

 

Table 4

Lammers, PJ., BJ. Kerr,TE. Weber, WA. Dozier, III, MT. Kidd, K. Bregendahl, and MS. Honeyman. 2008. Digestible and metabolizable energy of crude glycerol for growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 86:602-608.

 

Noblet, J., H. Fortune, XS. Shi, and S. Dubois. 1994. Prediction of net energy value of feeds for growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 72:344–354.

 

NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

 

Table 5

Adedokun, SA., and O. Adeola. 2005. Metabolizable energy value of meat and bone meal for pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 83:2519-2526.

 

Batal, A. and N. Dale. 2008. Feedstuffs Ingredient AnalysisTable. Miller Publishing Co., Minnetonka, MN.

 

BrazilianTables for Poultry and Swine. 2005. Composition of feedstuffs and Nutritional requirements, 2nd edition.

 

Cromwell, GL. 2007. Biological availability of the phosphorus in feedstuffs for pigs. Personal communication.

 

Cromwell, GL., GM. Hill, DC. Mahan, GC. Shurson, andTL. Ward. 1999. Mineral composition of spray-dried animal plasma and spraydried blood cells. J. Anim. Sci. 77(Suppl. 1):61 (abstr.).

 

Gottlob, RO., JM. DeRouchey, MD.Tokach, RD. Goodband, SS. Dritz, JL. Nelssen, CW. Hastad and DA. Knabe. 2006. Amino acid and energy digestibility of protein sources for growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 84:1396-1402.

 

Hastad, CW., MD.Tokach, RD. Goodband, JL. Nelssen, SS. Dritz, JM. DeRouchey, and CL. Jones. 2005. Comparison of yellow dent and NutriDense corn hybrids in swine diets. J. Anim. Sci. 83:2624-2631.

 

Holden, PJ. and ME. Ensminger. 2006. Swine Science. Pages 496-526. 7th ed. Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

 

INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique). 2004.Tables of composition and nutritional value of feed materials, Sauvant, D., J-M. Perez and G.Tran, Eds. Wageningen Academic Publishers,The Netherlands and INRA, Paris, France.

 

Kerr, BJ., CJ. Ziemer,TE. Weber, SL.Trabue, BL.Bearson, GC. Shurson, and MH. Whitney. 2008. Comparative sulfur analysis using thermal combustion or inductively coupled plasma methodology and mineral composition of common livestock feedstuffs. J. Anim. Sci 86:2377-2384.

 

NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

 

Nutraferma. 2009. Product specifications, PepSoyGen®. Available online at www.nutraferma.com. Accessed 5/16/09.

 

Olukosi, OA., and O. Adeola. 2009. Estimation of the metabolizable energy content of meat and bone meal for swine. J. Anim. Sci. 87:2590-2599.

 

Patience, J.F, P.A.Thacker, and C.F.M. de Lange. 1995. Swine Nutrition guide, 2nd edition. Prairie Swine Centre, Saskatoon.

 

Pedersen, C., MG. Boersma, and HH. Stein. 2007. Digestibility of energy and phosphorus in ten samples of distillers dried grains with solubles fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 85:1168-1176.

 

Petersen, GI., and HH. Stein. 2006. Novel procedure for estimating endogenous losses and measurement of apparent and true digestibility of phosphorus by growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 84:2126-2132.

 

Pedersen, C., MG. Boersma, and HH. Stein. 2007. Energy and nutrient digestibility in NurtiDense corn and other cereal grains fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 85:2473-2483.

 

Spiehs, MJ., MH. Whitney, and GC. Shurson. 2002. Nutrient database for distiller’s dried grains with solubles from new ethanol plants in Minnesota and South Dakota. J. Anim. Sci 80:2639-2645.

 

Stein, HH. 2007. Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets fed to swine. Swine Focus #001, University of Illinois.

 

Stein, HH., MG. Boersma and C. Pedersen. 2006. Apparent and true total tract digestibility of phosphorus in field peas (Pisum sativum L.) by growing pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 86:523-525.

 

Stein. HH., AKR. Everts, KK. Sweeter, DN. Peters, RJ. Maddock, DM. Wulf, and C. Pedersen. 2006.The influence of dietary field peas (Pisum sativum L.) on pig performance, carcass quality, and the palatability of pork. J. Anim. Sci 84:3110-3117.

 

Widmer, MR., LM. McGinnis and HH. Stein. 2007. Energy, phosphorus, and amino acid digestibility of high-protein distillers dried grains and corn germ fed to growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci 85:2994-3003.

 

Widmer, MR., LM. McGinnis, DM. Wulf and HH. Stein. 2008. Effects of feeding distillers dried grains with solubles, high-protein distillers dried grains, and corn germ to growing-finishing pigs on pig performance, carcass quality, and the palatability of pork.. J. Anim. Sci 86:1819-1831.

 

Table 6

Cromwell, GL. 2007. Biological availability of the phosphorus in feedstuffs for pigs. Personal communication.

 

Holden, PJ. and ME. Ensminger. 2006. Swine Science. Pages 496-526. 7th ed. Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.

 

INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique). 2004.Tables of composition and nutritional value of feed materials, Sauvant, D., J-M. Perez and G.Tran, Eds. Wageningen Academic Publishers,The Netherlands and INRA, Paris, France.

 

Kerr, BJ., CJ. Ziemer,TE. Weber, SL.Trabue, BL.Bearson, GC. Shurson, and MH. Whitney. 2008. Comparative sulfur analysis using thermal combustion or inductively coupled plasma methodology and mineral composition of common livestock feedstuffs. J. Anim. Sci 86:2377-2384.

 

NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

 

Petersen, GI., and HH. Stein. 2006. Novel procedure for estimating endogenous losses and measurement of apparent and true digestibility of phosphorus by growing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 84:2126-2132.

 

Table 7

Ammerman, CB., Baker, DH, and Lewis, AJ. 1995. Bioavailability of nutrients for animals. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

 

Batal, A. and N. Dale. 2008. Feedstuffs Ingredient AnalysisTable. Miller Publishing Co., Minnetonka, MN.

 

INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique). 2004.Tables of composition and nutritional value of feed materials, Sauvant, D., J-M. Perez and G.Tran, Eds. Wageningen Academic Publishers,The Netherlands and INRA, Paris, France.

 

Lindemann, MD., GL. Cromwell, HJ. Monegue and KW. Purser. 2008. Effect of chromium source on tissue concentration of chromium for pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 86:2971-2978.

 

NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

 

Table 8

INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique). 2004.Tables of composition and nutritional value of feed materials, Sauvant, D., J-M. Perez and G.Tran, Eds. Wageningen Academic Publishers,The Netherlands and INRA, Paris, France.

 

NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. 10th ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

 

Frequently asked questions

 

Does low protein corn have a lower feeding value than normal corn?

 

The relationship between the crude protein concentration and lysine concentration of corn is poor [1]. Thus, corn containing 7 to 7.5% CP may have the same amount of lysine as 8.5% CP corn.The lack of a good correlation between corn crude protein and lysine concentration indicates that one should not automatically increase the amount of protein supplement or crystalline lysine in the diet when using low protein corn. It is best to analyze the corn for lysine for more accurate diet formulation.

 

The previous information relates to lysine, the most limiting amino acid in grain/soybean meal-based diets.There is a better correlation between corn protein content and the concentration of most other amino acids.Thus, it is important be aware of the impact of low protein on the concentration of those amino acids in the diet and supplement if necessary.

 

How can the standardized ileal digestible amino acid concentration of a feedstuff be calculated?

 

Only a certain proportion of each of the amino acids in a feedstuff is digested and absorbed by pigs. Standardized ileal digestibility (SID) coefficients for major amino acids in many feedstuffs are shown inTable 2. To calculate the SID amino acid concentration of a feedstuff, multiply the total quantity of the amino acid in the feedstuff by its SID coefficient. For example, the SID lysine concentration of DDGS containing 0.76% lysine is 0.47% (0.76 x 0.62). It is especially important to formulate diets on a digestible amino acid basis when nontraditional or byproduct ingredients are used in feed; otherwise, pigs may not perform as expected.